美德伦理学视域下的美德与正确行为

发布时间：2018-08-24 19:36

【摘要】：美德伦理学的复兴源于对近代以来形成的主流规范伦理学的不满,这种复兴是在批判和构建中进行的。美德伦理学家不满足于将美德理论看做是近代主流理论的补充,他们努力的方向在于将美德理论构建成一个真正完整的伦理理论,从而能取代近代伦理理论或者是至少成为近代伦理理论之外的真正选项。美德伦理学要作为一门独立的伦理理论,必须在其理论构架内给出美德伦理学独有的行为指导的原则,所以美德伦理学必须解决美德与正确行为的关系问题。本文以美德伦理学的复兴为切入点,描述了古希腊以来的美德伦理学作为规范伦理学的一个重要的方向长期以来一直为人们所放弃,尤其是近代以来,以义务论和功利主义为代表的规范伦理学严重缺失美德这一维度的事实,并从美德伦理学对近代以来主流规范伦理学的批判和美德伦理学与义务论、功利主义的区别出发,说明美德伦理学是一种以行为者为中心,以美德为基础,不仅研究我们应该是什么的问题,还研究我们应该做什么的问题的独立的学科理论。在此基础上,从美德何以可欲出发,追溯美德传统,旨在说明美德是一种好的品质,一种相对固定的、习惯性的行为倾向和行为模式,这种由于习惯而形成的品质是通过学习和训练获取的,美德因其本身而可欲。伦理学仅有规范是不够的,我们必须关注规范背后的主体,以及主体的品质和行为。在美德伦理学视阈内,正确行为应该根据美德来定义。就美德如何提供一个可行的决策过程,使得行为者在具体情况才做出道德行为的问题,本文着重介绍了三位较为典型的美德伦理学家的思想,即斯洛特、赫斯特豪斯和斯旺顿的理论论证,并在三位伦理学家理论的基础上,尝试论述了以美德为基础来解释正确行为的独特优势。
[Abstract]:The revival of virtue ethics originates from dissatisfaction with the mainstream normative ethics formed in modern times, which is being criticized and constructed. Virtue ethics, as an independent ethical theory, must give its unique principles of conduct guidance within its theoretical framework, so virtue ethics must solve the problem of the relationship between virtue and correct behavior. Starting from the Renaissance of virtue ethics, this paper describes the fact that virtue ethics, as an important direction of normative ethics since ancient Greece, has been abandoned for a long time. Especially in modern times, normative ethics represented by deontology and utilitarianism seriously lacks virtue, and from virtue ethics, virtue ethics has been abandoned. Neo-Confucianism's criticism of the mainstream normative ethics since modern times and the distinction between virtue ethics and deontology and utilitarianism illustrate that virtue ethics is an independent discipline theory centered on actors and based on virtue, which studies not only what we should be, but also what we should do. On the basis of the reason why virtue is desirable and tracing back to the tradition of virtue, the purpose is to show that virtue is a good quality, a relatively fixed, habitual behavior tendency and mode of behavior. The quality formed by habit is acquired through study and training, and virtue is desirable because of itself. We should pay attention to the subject behind the norm, as well as the quality and behavior of the subject. From the perspective of virtue ethics, correct behavior should be defined according to virtue. On the basis of the theories of three ethicists, the author tries to discuss the unique advantages of explaining correct behavior on the basis of virtue.
【学位授予单位】：浙江财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-069

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