非对称伦理学与世界公民主义宽容悖论

发布时间：2018-10-24 06:59

【摘要】：宽容经常被视为现代自由社会和普遍的世界公民主义的道德—法律秩序中的基本美德。它的反面是那些依据种族、信仰、性别等特殊品质界定个人根本身份并以此排斥他人的共同体。当代自由主义政治理论家如罗尔斯和哈贝马斯把宽容阐释为独立于某种关于善和美好生活的具体理解的正义概念的一部分。宽容意味着支持多元化的生活道路,只要这些生活道路不妨碍公正地对待他人。尽管宽容被设想为公正的一种内在力量,许多思想家批判了潜在的不宽容和宽容的意识形态功能,即所谓的"压制性的宽容"。法兰克福学派把宽容的压制性方面视为晚期资本主义社会逻辑的组成部分,就其不同方面进行了批判。列维纳斯和德里达检查了宽容的悖论与限度。非对称伦理学思想家对宽容的无差异性进行了批判,与之对比的是自我和他人在慷慨和好客中表现出的非对称性的伦理境遇。诸种观点提示了如下问题:宽容是公正社会的最低限度的基本美德吗?或者宽容使对待他人的无差异性恒常化并为支配和剥削他人提供潜在的伪装?因此,探索自由主义宽容概念及新自由主义宽容概念中的悖论,并尝试在意识形态和权利批判的语境下,就关于他人的非对称伦理学对宽容进行再思考。
[Abstract]:Tolerance is often regarded as a fundamental virtue in the moral-legal order of modern free society and universal world citizenship. The opposite is the communities that define the fundamental identity of the individual and exclude others on the basis of race, faith, gender, etc. Contemporary liberal political theorists such as Rawls and Habermas interpret tolerance as part of the concept of justice independent of a specific understanding of good and good life. Tolerance means supporting diverse life paths, as long as they do not prevent the just treatment of others. Although tolerance is conceived as an intrinsic force of justice, many thinkers criticize the underlying ideological function of intolerance and tolerance, that is, the so-called "oppressive tolerance". The Frankfurt School regards the oppressive aspect of tolerance as a component of the logic of the late capitalist society and criticizes its different aspects. Levinas and Derrida examined the paradox and limits of tolerance. The unsymmetrical ethical thinkers criticize the non-difference of tolerance, in contrast to the asymmetric ethical circumstances of self and others in generosity and hospitality. The views suggest the question: is tolerance the minimum basic virtue of a just society? Or tolerance perpetuates the treatment of others and provides a potential camouflage for the domination and exploitation of others? Therefore, this paper explores the paradoxes in the concept of liberal tolerance and the concept of neo-liberal tolerance, and attempts to reconsider tolerance in the context of ideology and right criticism on the asymmetric ethics of others.
【作者单位】：美国马萨诸塞大学卢维尔分校;吉林大学哲学基础理论研究中心暨哲学社会学院;
【分类号】：B82-09

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