罗尔斯正义理论的道德根基

发布时间：2018-11-11 19:24

【摘要】：正义理论是否存在道德基础,是当代政治哲学热烈讨论的一个议题。罗尔斯虽然把正义观解释为政治的而非形而上学的,不依赖于广包的宗教或哲学学说,但强调普遍的正义观念离不开政治文化的基础,包括道德基础,即人们所潜在地认可、普遍接受的那些基本理念和原则,如宗教宽容和反对奴隶制。正义原则的达成也预设了平等的公民之间的协议,以及公民拥有的正义感和善观念的道德能力。正当优先于善并不表示正当完全排斥善,而是说两者是相互补充的,正义观念是从两者共同推导出来的。政治的正义观念与其他道德观念之间的区别只是观念应用的范围问题。关于国家中立,基本制度和公共政策虽然不是设计来偏袒任何特定的广包学说,但不可能强求正义制度的影响都是中立的,它所影响的美德是富有意义的。公平正义包括对诸如公民美德和宽容的美德、理性和公平感的美德等的解释。罗尔斯强调其政治自由主义是一种"道德观念",它以最普遍的道德原则作为后盾,这里就包括尊重人、把人当作目的这个根本的道德公理。
[Abstract]:Whether there is a moral basis in the theory of justice is a hot topic in contemporary political philosophy. Although Rawls interpreted the concept of justice as political rather than metaphysical, and did not rely on a broad range of religious or philosophical doctrines, he stressed that the universal concept of justice could not be separated from the foundation of political culture, including the moral basis, that is, the underlying recognition by people. Generally accepted basic concepts and principles, such as religious tolerance and opposition to slavery. The achievement of the principle of justice also presupposes the agreement between equal citizens and the moral ability of the citizens to have a sense of justice and a sense of goodness. The fact that justice takes precedence over good does not mean that good is completely excluded, but that they complement each other, and that the concept of justice is derived from both. The difference between the concept of political justice and other moral concepts is only the scope of application of ideas. With regard to national neutrality, although the basic system and public policy are not designed to favour any particular broad-ranging doctrine, the influence of the system of justice cannot be imposed on it, and the virtues it affects are meaningful. Fairness and justice include the interpretation of such virtues as civic virtue and tolerance, rationality and sense of justice. Rawls emphasizes that his political liberalism is a kind of "moral concept", which is backed by the most universal moral principles, including respect for human beings and regard man as the fundamental moral axiom of purpose.
【作者单位】：南京大学哲学系;复旦大学社会科学高等研究院;
【分类号】：B82-051

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