英文笔迹鉴定的理论创新与方法重构

发布时间：2018-05-06 19:03

本文选题：英文笔迹 + 笔迹鉴定　；参考：《西南政法大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 本文研究的是英文笔迹鉴定，重点探讨了英文笔迹的特征及检验的一般方法。但由于作者对于理论的偏好，行文的基本思路是建立在中英文鉴定的对照研究上的，包括原理上的，也包括方法上的。作者一直坚信，无论是英文笔迹鉴定还是汉字笔迹鉴定，书写习惯的特定性和稳定性是建立笔迹鉴定的原理和方法体系的基石，并将传统汉字鉴定的理论模型试探性的应用到英文笔迹鉴定上来，在此基础上对传统的英文笔迹特征分类和鉴定的一般方法也进行了“汉化处理”，从而对英文笔迹鉴定的一般性和特殊性有了更深的认识。笔迹鉴定的科学性是毋庸置疑的，但科学的前提并不会必然导致有效而严密的科学论证的存在。经过无数次的实验，我们遗憾的发现，笔迹鉴定不得不在一定程度上求助于鉴定人的经验，或者他的洞察力。因为要让法官完全信赖笔迹鉴定的结论，则需满足规范与标准的统一性问题，即检验的规范与结论的标准是统一的，而且是经过严密科学论证的。但由于书写习惯涵盖了不特定出现的数以万计的书写对象(比如汉字和单词)，其自身也具有多样陛的特质，并不同程度的受到外界书写条件及环境的影响，同一人书写同一字或单词的特征表现会因场合的不同而出现微妙的差别。这就导致构建统一的规范与标准几乎是不可能的，或者只能构建一种原则性、非确定性的标准体系，对这种不确定性的把握和实际实施只能由鉴定人根据不同的情况适时地做出选择和判断。因此，笔迹鉴定的先天缺陷就是建立在科学基础上的多样化和偶然性的选择，鉴定人务必要使这种选择排除在合理怀疑的范围之外，使自己的经验性思维符合科学性的一般要求。在被视为本文重点的第三章和第四章中，存在两条线索，一是横向上的中英文对照比较研究，，另一个是纵向上的笔迹特征→鉴定方法的基本研究思路。不同于汉字笔迹在横向和纵向上的复杂变化，英文笔迹具备自身的特殊性，表现为书写动作主要表现为横向的环绕性动作、书写速度快、连笔形式多而复杂、不同人的书写共性大等。对于英文笔迹的鉴定，应一方面多角度解构英文书写动作，挖掘更多的书写习惯的稳定因素，另一方面重视综合检验，对布局习惯、言语习惯、语法或拼写错误等特征的分析也可以有助于形成较为确信的结论。因此，传统的英文笔迹特征的分类多，体系复杂，对于同一类书写动作可以从不同的特征角度去描述。而且特征价值并没有统一的标准，主要取决于个陛化程度和出现的稳定性，即使那些在汉字鉴定中被视为一般性的特征，也可以构成鉴定的主要依据。而汉字稳定的特征类型一般是起收笔和结构搭配，这是适用于大多数汉字笔迹的。另一方面，对于特征的识别也不仅仅局限于形态学上的描述，还可以进行测量，包括横向上的扩展距离、纵向上的垂直高度以及字母的倾斜角度。但这种测量应是对书写人整体笔迹特征的一般性概括，不能陷入机械主义的陷阱中。因此，对于英文笔迹鉴定中出现的特征差异，要综合分析其产生的原因和性质，以及是否具备独立性的价值，是偶然的变异还是普遍的规律性表现。对于那些相同或相似的特征，要注意分析是否属于一般人书写的共性表现，是否在极细微处也有相同表现，如显微形态下的起收笔笔痕特征。英文书写动作的特殊性决定了英文笔迹特征的分类及应用价值的特殊性，这些特殊性又决定了英文笔迹在鉴定方法上不同于汉字鉴定的特殊理念。汉字笔迹鉴定给英文笔迹鉴定的启示是，在概貌性的一般特征到个性化的细节特征的认识过程中，可以建立条理清楚、逻辑严密的论证和说明体系。而英文笔迹鉴定能够借鉴给汉字鉴定的，除了对特征进行多角度、全方位和全局性的认识外，更重要的是英文笔迹的鉴定专家和法律学者从来没有停止过对笔迹鉴定的经验性思维进行反思。正像文中一直强调的，汉字鉴定和英文笔迹鉴定应做到互相借鉴、取长补短，从而能够在更大程度上丰富和完善鉴定人的“经验”，或者说，使鉴定人的经验性思维与笔迹鉴定的科学基础形成完美的契合。
[Abstract]:This paper deals with the identification of English handwriting, focusing on the characteristics of English handwriting and the general method of testing. But because of the author's preference for the theory, the basic idea of the line is based on the comparative study of the Chinese and English identification, including the principles and the methods. The author has always believed that whether it is the English handwriting identification or the method, the author has always believed that The identification of Chinese character handwriting, the specificity and stability of writing habits are the cornerstones of establishing the principle and method system of handwriting identification, and apply the theoretical model of traditional Chinese character identification to English handwriting identification. On this basis, the traditional method of classification and identification of English handwriting features is "sinicated". Thus, we have a deeper understanding of the universality and particularity of English handwriting identification.
The scientific nature of the handwriting identification is beyond doubt, but the scientific premise does not necessarily lead to the existence of an effective and rigorous scientific argument. After numerous experiments, we regret to find that the handwriting identification has to be sought to some extent by the experience of the appraiser, or his insight. The definite conclusion needs to meet the unity of norms and standards, that is, the standards and conclusions of the test are unified, and are strictly scientifically demonstrated. But because the writing habits cover tens of thousands of writing objects (such as Chinese characters and words) that are not specific, they are also characterized by a variety of their majesty and different degrees. Under the influence of external writing conditions and environment, the same person writes the same character or word with a subtle difference in the situation. This leads to the construction of a unified standard and standard which is almost impossible, or can only build a standard system of principle, uncertainty, and the certainty and reality of this uncertainty. Therefore, the innate defects of the handwriting identification are the choice of diversification and contingency based on science. It is necessary for the appraisers to make this choice out of the scope of reasonable doubt and make their own empirical thinking conform to the scientific nature. Requirement.
In the third and fourth chapters, which are regarded as the focus of this article, there are two clues, one is the comparative comparative study of Chinese and English in the horizontal, and the other is the basic research idea of the longitudinal characteristics of handwriting and identification.
Different from the complex changes of Chinese character handwriting in the horizontal and longitudinal direction, English handwriting has its own particularity, which shows that writing movements are mainly composed of lateral surround movements, fast writing speed, multiple and complicated styles, and large generality of different people. For the identification of English writing, the English writing should be deconstructed from many angles. On the other hand, the analysis of the characteristics of layout habits, speech habits, grammar or spelling errors can also help to form more confident conclusions. Therefore, the traditional English handwriting features are more classified, complex and different for the same type of writing. And the characteristic value is described. And the characteristic value does not have a unified standard, which mainly depends on the degree and stability of the character. Even those in the identification of Chinese characters are regarded as general characteristics, it can also constitute the main basis of identification. On the other hand, the recognition of characters is not only limited to the description of the morphology, but also can be measured, including the lateral expansion distance, vertical vertical height and the angle of the alphabet. However, this measurement should be a general generalization of the character of the writer's overall handwriting and can not be trapped in the mechanism. In the trap.
Therefore, for the characteristics difference in English handwriting identification, it is necessary to analyze the causes and properties of the English handwriting, and whether it has the value of independence. It is accidental or universal and regular. For the same or similar characteristics, it is necessary to analyze whether it belongs to the common representation of the general person and whether it is very subtle. There are also the same manifestations, such as the characteristics of the Bibi mark under the microscopic morphology. The particularity of the English writing action determines the classification of English handwriting features and the particularity of its applied value. These particularity determines that English handwriting is different from the special idea of Chinese character identification in the identification method.
The Enlightenment of the identification of Chinese handwriting to English handwriting is that in the process of understanding the general features of the general features to the personalized details, the system of argumentation and explanation can be established in a clear and logical way, and the English handwriting identification can be used for reference to the Chinese characters, in addition to the multi angle, omni-directional and global recognition of the features. More importantly, the experts and the legal scholars in English handwriting have never stopped reflecting on the empirical thinking of the handwriting identification. It is just as it has been emphasized in the article that the identification of Chinese characters and the identification of English handwriting should learn from each other to enrich and improve the "experience" of the Appraisers to a greater extent. In other words, the empirical thinking of the appraiser is perfect match with the scientific foundation of handwriting identification.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D918.92

【引证文献】