科举教育、捐官制度与官员晋升——基于清代官员履历档案的实证研究

发布时间：2018-07-21 09:50

【摘要】：社会流动是影响社会结构变化和社会变迁方向的重要因素,也是影响政治稳定和经济发展的关键环节。在传统社会里,科举教育和捐官制度均是人才选拔与阶层向上流动的主要途径。文章以晚清官员履历档案的微观数据为基础,考察了科举教育与捐官制度之间的关系。研究发现,科举教育和捐官制度并不是完全排斥的两种入仕途径,它们相互交织,成为清代官制不可缺失的部分。其中,入仕的难易程度是不同教育出身的候选官员考虑是否捐纳以及如何捐纳的重要因素。捐纳对官员的晋升作用主要集中在政府对中层官员的选拔上,但要进入官僚等级的高层,官员的个人才能、家族的政治背景、政治上的裙带关系可能具有更为重要的作用。因此,文章为理解社会阶层的流动提供了一个新的视角,也为考试选拔制度和官僚体制的改革提供了历史经验和实证依据。
[Abstract]:Social mobility is an important factor that influences the change of social structure and the direction of social vicissitude, and it is also the key link of influencing political stability and economic development. In traditional society, imperial examination education and official donation system are the main ways of talent selection and upward mobility. Based on the microcosmic data of the official's resume in the late Qing Dynasty, this paper examines the relationship between the imperial examination education and the donor system. The study found that the imperial examination education and the official donation system are not completely exclusive of the two ways to enter the official system, they intertwined each other and became an indispensable part of the official system in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the difficulty of entering the office is an important factor for candidates from different educational backgrounds to consider whether and how to donate. The promotion effect of donation mainly focuses on the government's selection of middle-level officials, but it may play a more important role in the selection of middle-level officials, the individual talents of officials, the political background of the family and the nepotism in politics. Therefore, the article provides a new perspective for understanding the mobility of social strata, as well as historical experience and empirical evidence for the reform of the examination and selection system and the bureaucratic system.
【作者单位】：上海财经大学经济学院;
【基金】：教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NCET-13-0894)
【分类号】：D691.4

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