苏联解体的民族因素研究

发布时间：2018-03-01 18:40

本文关键词： 苏联民族政策民族矛盾教训启示　出处：《南京师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：1991年下半年,世界社会主义运动遭受严重挫折,世界上第一个社会主义国家——苏联不复存在。这场剧变,使得一个拥有1900多万党员的苏共丧失了执政地位:一个拥有2. 8亿人口的苏维埃社会主义联盟,分裂成为15个独立国家。苏联解体是苏联长期以来各种社会矛盾积聚后爆发的结果,这其中民族矛盾的积聚和爆发是一个重要方面。作为一个有着一百多个民族的大国,苏联的民族问题由来已久。与美国等国家不同的是,苏联是根据主体民族划分行政区域。苏联这种复杂的民族构成以及特殊的国家结构形式,为其民族国家建设带来很大的难题。面对复杂的民族问题,苏联各届领导人积极探索适合本国国情的发展道路。列宁提出的民族自决权是无产阶级领导各族人民完成民主革命和社会主义革命的一项重要原则。列宁还提出不仅要保证各民族在法律上享受平等,在事实上也要保证平等。在列宁之后的苏联历届领导人,从斯大林到勃列日涅夫在处理民族问题上都是有一定成就的。他们注意提高少数民族的地位,也十分重视在法律上保障各少数民族的权利。为了消除少数民族地区经济、文化落后的状态,实现各民族真正的平等,苏联政府对少数民族地区实行政策倾斜,使得少数民族地区在经济文化方面有了显著的发展。但是,这些领导人在对待少数民族政策上的理论和实践方面的失误也是十分严重的,所以苏联民族问题在历届领导人某些程度上的忽视之下,逐渐积累下来。最终,在国内民族运动和国外分裂势力的双重影响下,联盟国家解体。研究苏联民族问题对苏联解体的影响,不仅能够总结苏联民族政策方面的得失成败,对于我国的多民族国家建设也有十分重要的意义。本文围绕着苏联各个时期的民族政策以及由此导致的民族主义问题,到最后民族问题导致苏联解体这条主线展开。第一章主要介绍苏联时期的民族概况,指明苏联民族的构成特点。第二章主要介绍苏联历史上民族政策的演变,以及各个时期的民族政策导致的一系列民族问题。第三章介绍了由于民族问题导致的民族分裂浪潮。第四章主要介绍了苏联民族问题的教训与启示。
[Abstract]:In the second half of 1991, the world socialist movement suffered a serious setback, and the world's first socialist country, the Soviet Union, ceased to exist. The Soviet Communist Party, which has more than 19 million members, has lost its power: a Soviet Socialist Union of 280 million. The disintegration of the Soviet Union was the result of the eruption of various social contradictions in the Soviet Union for a long time, in which the accumulation and outbreak of ethnic contradictions was an important aspect. As a large country with more than 100 nationalities, The Soviet Union has a long history of ethnic problems. Unlike the United States and other countries, the Soviet Union is divided into administrative areas according to the main ethnic groups. The construction of its nation-state has brought great difficulties. Faced with complex national problems, The leaders of the Soviet Union actively explored the road of development suited to their own national conditions. Lenin put forward the right to national self-determination as an important principle for the proletariat to lead the people of all ethnic groups to complete the democratic revolution and the socialist revolution. Not only to ensure that all ethnic groups enjoy equality in the law, In fact, equality should also be guaranteed. Successive Soviet leaders after Lenin, from Stalin to Brezhnev, have made certain achievements in dealing with ethnic issues. They have paid attention to raising the status of the ethnic minorities. In order to eliminate the economic and cultural backwardness in minority areas and realize the true equality of all ethnic groups, the Soviet government has adopted a policy bias towards minority areas. This has led to remarkable economic and cultural developments in minority areas. However, these leaders' mistakes in theory and practice in dealing with ethnic minority policies are also very serious. As a result, the national problems of the Soviet Union gradually accumulated under the neglect of successive leaders. Finally, under the dual influence of domestic national movements and foreign separatist forces, The study of the influence of the Soviet Union's national problems on the disintegration of the Soviet Union can not only sum up the success or failure of the Soviet Union's national policy, It is also of great significance to the construction of a multi-ethnic state in our country. This paper revolves around the national policies of the Soviet Union in various periods and the nationalistic problems resulting therefrom. In the end, the main line of ethnic problems leading to the disintegration of the Soviet Union is unfolded. The first chapter mainly introduces the general situation of the nationalities in the Soviet Union period, and points out the characteristics of the composition of the Soviet nationality. The second chapter mainly introduces the evolution of the national policy in the history of the Soviet Union. The third chapter introduces the wave of ethnic division caused by ethnic problems. Chapter 4th mainly introduces the lessons and enlightenment of the Soviet Union's ethnic problems.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D751.2

【参考文献】