俄罗斯教育改革模式的历史文化研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 07:31

本文关键词： 俄罗斯教育改革模式历史文化因素教育现代化　出处：《东北师范大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本论文踏着历史的足迹,抓住俄罗斯教育历史发展的三个质变点,旨在通过对沙皇俄国时代“欧化”教育改革、苏联时期“苏维埃化”教育改革和当代俄罗斯“西化”教育改革的研究,揭示出俄罗斯历史地形成的“暴风骤雨式”和“摇摆式”教育改革模式,在此基础上,分析俄罗斯这两种教育改革模式的表现特征,剖析形成这两种教育改革模式的历史与文化因素和深层原因。本论文将现代化语境下的俄罗斯教育的历史分为三个时期,即沙皇俄国时期、苏联时期和当代俄罗斯时期。在这三个历史时期,社会改革影响并制约着教育改革,因此,俄罗斯的每个历史时期的教育改革如同其社会改革一样,呈现出“暴风骤雨式”和“摇摆式”特征。那么,俄罗斯“暴风骤雨式”与“摇摆式”教育改革模式是如何产生的?这是本论文要研究的核心问题。本论文分为六个部分,包括绪论和正文五章。论文的前三章根据对俄罗斯教育改革的分期,分别对沙皇俄国时期、苏联时期和当代俄罗斯时期三个阶段教育改革的社会状况和教育改革状况进行阐述。对每个历史时期教育改革的指导思想及改革措施进行了归纳和总结。对比每个时期的改革前后,突出其改革的共性特征:“暴风骤雨式”。俄罗斯的教育改革,还表现出文化上的“摇摆式”特征。论文的第四章和第五章对俄罗斯教育改革的“暴风骤雨式”和“摇摆式”模式进行深层次的剖析。第一章论述的是沙皇俄国时代的“欧化”教育改革。沙皇俄国时期,彼得大帝改革前的教育极其落后,由于商人们迫切要求与西欧通商,俄国急需出海口,为了扩大疆域、强大俄国,彼得大帝把富国强兵作为社会改革与教育改革的目标追求。封建农奴制和君主专制是当时封建制度的主要内容。农奴制经济延续的同时,出现了资本主义经济的萌芽。沙皇俄国的“欧化”教育改革主要表现为实现了世俗教育和教育权利平等。彼得大帝和叶卡捷琳娜二世的改革开始实施世俗教育和民众教育,开启了俄罗斯的教育现代化。第二章论述的是苏联时期的“苏维埃化”教育改革。本章首先概述了十月革命前沙皇俄国处于阶级矛盾、民族矛盾日益尖锐的动荡社会,其教育的突出特征是等级制和双轨制。列宁领导俄国无产阶级利用第一次世界大战所带给俄国的有利革命时机,通过暴力革命的手段,建立了实施无产阶级专政的新型的社会主义国家。为了培养社会主义新人,苏维埃政府将共产主义道德教育思想、集体主义教育思想和劳动教育思想作为“苏维埃化”教育改革的主要指导思想。无产阶级在批判资产阶级教育的同时,提出了苏维埃教育学,建立了统一劳动学校。第三章论述的是当代俄罗斯的“西化”教育改革。本章首先论述了苏联解体前的社会主义改良状况,阐述了俄罗斯建国初期否定苏联政治体制的“西化”转型和由计划经济到市场经济的经济体制“西化”转型。俄罗斯“西化”教育改革的指导思想是教育的“社会化”和“私有化”。因办学主体多元化、资金投入多源化、教育原则个性化、教育管理民主化,叶利钦时期的教育改革表现为明显的“西化”倾向。第四章和第五章是本论文的重点。这两章从历史的和文化的视角分析了俄罗斯教育改革的两种模式“暴风骤雨式”和“摇摆式”的特征及其成因。第四章分析了俄罗斯历史地形成的“暴风骤雨式”教育改革模式的特征;沙皇俄国时期开启了教育现代化;苏联时期建立了社会主义教育体系;当代俄罗斯推行了有俄罗斯特色的教育现代化。从结果上看,每一个时期的教育改革都是颠覆性的,是对前一时期教育体制的否定,重新建立一个新的教育体制;从过程上看,这种教育改革是自上而下推行的“暴风骤雨式”。本章从三个方面对俄罗斯“暴风骤雨式”教育改革模式产生的原因进行了分析:领导层的集权意识;民族的大国意识;民众的顺从意识。第五章分析了不同历史时期俄罗斯“摇摆式”教育改革模式的路线特征:沙皇俄国时期从“东方”到“西方”的教育改革路线;苏联时期的“反西化”教育改革路线;俄罗斯“西化取向”的教育改革路线。在此基础上,本章从主观和客观因素两方面分析了俄罗斯“摇摆式”教育改革模式产生的文化因素:好走极端的民族特性;摇摆不定的文化归属。
[Abstract]:This paper follow the footsteps of history, grasp the three changing point of Russian education history, aims to Czarist Russia "Europeanization" education reform, study the Soviet "Soviet" education reform and the contemporary Russian "Westernization" of education reform, reveals the historical formation of the Russian Ross "mighty storm" and "swing" educational reform pattern, based on the analysis of features of these two kinds of Russian education reform model, analysis the formation of the historical and cultural factors of these two kinds of education mode reform and the deep reasons.
This paper will modernize Russia in the context of the history of education is divided into three periods, namely, the tsar, the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russia period. During the three periods, social reform affects and restricts the education reform, therefore, each historical period of Russian education reform as the social reform, showing a "mighty storm" and "swing" feature. Then, the Russian "mighty storm" and "swing" mode of education reform is how to produce? This is the key problem of this dissertation.
This paper is divided into six parts, including the introduction and the five chapters.
The first three chapters according to the classification of Russian education reform, respectively for the tsar, the Soviet Union and the Russian three stages of education reform and education reform of social status are expounded. The guiding ideology of reform measures and leather and summarizes the education reform in each historical period. Comparison between before and after each reform that highlights the common feature of reform: "the mighty storm". The Russian educational reform also showed the culture of "swing" characteristics. The fourth chapter and the fifth chapter of Russian education reform "the mighty storm" and "swing" model for deep analysis.
The first chapter is the czar of Russia "Europeanization" educational reform. The Tsar Peter the great before the reform of education is extremely backward, because the merchants desperately wanted to trade with Western Europe and Russia are in urgent need of the sea, in order to expand the territory of Russia, the powerful, the emperor Peter took fuguoqiangbing as a social and educational reform. The goal of feudal serfdom and the monarchy is the main content of the feudal system. The continuation of serfdom economy at the same time, emergence of capitalism economy. Russia's "Europeanization" educational reform mainly for the secular education and educational equality. The reform of emperor Peter and Ekaterina II began to implement the secular education and democratic education, open the modernization of education in Russia.
The second chapter is the former Soviet Union's "Soviet" education reform. This chapter first outlines the tsarist Russia before the October revolution in the class contradictions, social unrest increasingly sharp ethnic conflicts, the prominent features of the grade system and dual track system. Lenin led the Russian proletariat brought by the first World War favorable the timing of the Russian Revolution, by means of violent revolution, established a socialist state under the dictatorship of the proletariat. In order to model the new socialist culture, the Soviet Communist government will be the ideological and moral education, collectivism education and labor education as the main guiding ideology of Soviet education reform ". In the criticism of the bourgeois education at the same time and put forward the Soviet education, the establishment of a unified labor school.
The third chapter is the contemporary Russia's "Westernization" education reform. This chapter first discusses the improvement of socialist state before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, describes the early founding of Russia denies the political system of "Westernization" and the transformation from planned economy to market economy "Westernization" transformation. The guiding ideology of "Westernization" education reform in Russia education is the "socialization" and "privatization". Because the school funding diversification, humanized, personalized education principle, democratization of educational management, Yeltsin period education reform showed significant "Westernization".
The fourth chapter and the fifth chapter is the focus of this paper. The two chapter from historical and cultural perspective analyzes the characteristics and causes of the two modes of "Russian education reform mighty storm" and "swing". The fourth chapter analyzes the history of Russia to form a "mighty storm" education mode reform czar characteristics; Russia period opened up the educational modernization; sovietunionestablishedsocialisteducationalsystem; contemporary Russia's educational modernization with Russian characteristics. From the results, every period of education reform is subversive, is the denial of education system in the former period, re establishment of a new system of education; from process, the education reform is a top-down implementation of "mighty storm". This chapter from the three aspects of Russia's "mighty storm" educational reform pattern of the reasons for Analysis: the centralization consciousness of the leadership; the nation's consciousness of great power; the obedience consciousness of the people.
The fifth chapter analyzes the route characteristics in different historical periods of Russia's "swing" educational reform pattern: the Tsar from "East" to "western" education reform route; "anti westernization education reform route of Soviet Russia;" Western oriented "education reform route. Based on this, two aspects of this chapter from the subjective and objective factors, analyzes the cultural factors of Russia" swing "educational reform pattern: the national characteristics of the extreme; the uncertainty of cultural belonging.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D751.2

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