加拿大社会政策研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 10:09

本文关键词： 加拿大社会政策改革社会投资国家　出处：《山东大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：加拿大的社会政策经历了萌芽、发展确立和改革调整等不同的时期,从时间上来讲,要晚于英国和北欧诸国等国家,但是发展迅速,所以在世界上的声誉也很高。被加拿大人民称之为“从摇篮到坟墓”的社会福利制度涉及加拿大社会生活的方方面面,从儿童到成年到老年,各个阶层的人都可通过社会福利来满足其正常的需求。高福利的福利制度使加拿大社会稳定,人民的生活压力也相对较小。良好的社会政策、地广人稀的客观条件、优美的自然环境和多民族的多元包容文化,使加拿大被认为是世界上最适合人类居住的国家之一现代社会政策是近代资本主义经济和社会发展的产物,伴随着近代西方社会的急剧变迁而产生,它的思想最初萌芽于英国,完备的制度形态最先出现在德国,从第二次世界大战结束至20世纪70年代初,几乎所有的西方资本主义国家都宣称建成了“福利国家”。历史上,加拿大曾是法国、英国的殖民地,加拿大的社会政策可以追溯到殖民地时期。英国著名的《伊丽莎白济贫法》虽然不是经过官方传到加拿大的,但对加拿大影响非常大。二战以后,加拿大社会政策发展迅速,进入发展壮大时期,特别是从50年代开始,加拿大不但福利立法和福利制度的范围逐渐扩大,而且还把重点放到普遍性和公平方面。到上世纪70年代,加拿大联邦实现了各种社会福利的制度化、机构化,以老年保障、失业保险、医疗保障和社会救助等为主要内容的社会福利制度最终正式建立起来。 20世纪70年代中期,随着资本主义石油危机的爆发,各国相继爆发经济危机,出现经济停滞、失业人口增加和通货膨胀等问题,西方资本主义国家普遍出现了失业与通货膨胀并存的“滞胀”局面,原有的福利国家制度本身的结构性缺陷开始显露出来,包括加拿大在内的西方各国的财政都很难维持原有形式的福利国家制度,西方国家从80年代开始纷纷先后对社会政策进行调整和改革。特别进入90年代以来,经济全球化的加速发展和全面深入更是对福利国家制度带来了前所未有的冲击。加拿大也不例外,加拿大的高福利也使得其财政吃紧,自20世纪80年代开始,特别是在受经济危机的影响下,政府面临着越来越高的财政赤字和“滞胀”的威胁,加拿大联邦政府开始紧缩财政,再加上人口老龄化、医疗费用的不断上涨等原因,加拿大社会政策和社会福利制度迅速进入调整和改革阶段,开始向“社会投资国家”(social investment state)转变,改革传统的“福利国家”模式,努力使其社会福利现代化。重新界定政府与个人之间的契约关系,从个人争取政府的保护转变为个人寻求自主与自我发展,政府的功能从提供经济援助、社会服务逐渐转变为进行人力资源和教育投资,把资金引向人力资本的投资方面；政府和公民之间的关系全面调整,每个人都应积极地对社会的关爱进行回报,为社会和他人承担义务和责任,真正实现基于现代意义的社会公正,做到机会、权利共享,风险、义务共担。实践证明,加拿大的社会政策改革所取得的成效是非常明显的,在经济合作与发展组织成员国家中也是比较好的。所以,对这一时期的社会福利制度和现在加拿大进行的社会政策改革实践及其未来的发展趋势进行关注和研究,可以从中吸取更多的经验和教训。目前我国正处于继续和深化改革的关键时期,包括研究和探讨适合我国国情和目前阶段的发展需要、顺应全球经济、社会发展潮流的社会政策建设,从实践上借鉴国外社会政策和相关改革的有益经验将为我国社会政策的目标选择、制度安排以及相关部门的职责划分提供重要依据,尤其对于目前我国正在重新审视自己的社会政策,要进一步“完善社会救助体系,健全社会福利制度”,更有十分必要的现实意义,其实这也是本文研究目的之所在。出于这一主要研究目的,本文从以下四个方面展开研究：首先,对社会政策与社会发展进行了分析,对如何理解资本主义社会的内在矛盾、社会化大生产对传统家庭保障职能的冲击、影响和近代西方社会政策的兴起与发展进行了详细的阐述,在此基础上对加拿大社会政策的发展、价值取向和特点进行了介绍,这些构成了论文的第一章。其次,研究加拿大的社会政策以及20世纪80年代以来的改革情况,就得从加拿大社会政策的历史传统说起并要全面研究其社会福利制度的建立过程和主要内容,这是开展研究的基础和前提。本文详细、系统地对加拿大的早期社会政策和做法以及工人运动对加拿大社会政策的推动作用进行了研究,就其发展过程和主要内容结合史料进行了详细的介绍。这些内容构成了论文的第二章。再次,任何一个国家的经济、社会发展的阶段性决定了社会政策思想和实践的发展变化,任何一种新的理论的出现都有其相对应的经济、社会发展状况,任何一个国家的社会政策调整或改革也都与国际大环境和国内的经济、社会实际紧密相连。所以,对加拿大社会政策的调整和改革进行研究就要从国际和其国内所面临的形势开始,即从全球化时代的影响着手,从其国内政治、经济、社会等方面对加拿大社会政策向社会投资型国家转变进行分析,从而将问题的研究推向深入。论文的第三章和第四章对西方国家社会政策改革背景以及具体改革措施进行了客观的分析,对加拿大向社会投资国家转变的理论支撑进行了较为系统的阐述。最后,本文的第五章通过从社会公平、政府责任和公民权利等方面对加拿大社会政策发展与改革做出了评价,意在为研究和探讨适合我国国情和现阶段的发展需要、顺应全球经济、社会发展源流的社会政策建设、发展和改革提供一定的借鉴和启示,希望能够为我国社会政策的目标选择、制度安排以及相关部门的职责划分提供相关依据。本文试图在以下三个方面有所突破和创新：第一、本文以加拿大社会政策的历史传统为研究的开始,以社会政策的发展变化和福利国家制度建立的整个过程为研究对象,对加拿大社会政策发展的过程、影响因素和实际效果进行分析,相对来说,使问题的研究更加系统、科学。第二、不同的研究视角。任何一个国家的经济、社会发展的阶段性决定了社会政策思想和实践的发展变化,任何一种新的理论的出现都有其相对应的经济、社会发展状况。对加拿大社会政策的调整和改革进行研究就要从全球化时代着手,重点论述20世纪80年代末以来在大的时代背景下加拿大社会政策的改革,从全球化、政治、经济等方面对加拿大由传统福利国家向社会投资型国家转变进行分析,从而将问题的研究推向深入。第三、对加拿大社会政策的评价和对中国的启示。通过对加拿大社会政策调整和改革的研究分析,本文认为政府、市场、社会多方共同参与,政府责任保证公平、保障公民权利,进而动员社会多元力量积极参与,成为加拿大社会政策改革的价值取向,对我国社会政策的借鉴和启示意义非常重大。在这些研究的基础上,本文得出了以下结论：一是社会政策是政府责任的重要体现。有效维持和增强社会服务的供给,不断提高社会政策的质量和水平,是每一个负责任的政府所必须担当的。二是社会政策的改革要顺应时代的要求。不同的国家在不同的时期,处在不同的形势和条件之下,其社会政策是不一样的。社会政策是不断发展变化的,是社会经济发展水平的一个标志,是具有阶段性和时代特征的。三是社会政策改革要保障社会公平。评判社会政策的一个重要标准就是社会公平,社会投资理论倡导的是要追求机会的平等,而不是结果的平等。对于知识经济和信息社会的社会公平而言,最大限度实现机会的平等才是关键。四是社会政策改革应动员和鼓励全社会力量共同参与。政府要与非政府、非营利组织积极合作,鼓励个人和家庭、企业、社区等分担责任,建立一种良好的“合作伙伴”关系,充分利用各种社会资源,实现多元化的服务供给模式,促进社会的和谐。
[Abstract]:The Canadian social policy has experienced the embryonic development, establishment of the reform and adjustment of the different period, from the time of speaking, later than Britain and the Nordic countries and other countries, but the rapid development in the world, so the reputation is high. By the people of Canada called Canada relates to social life "from cradle to grave social the welfare system in all aspects, to adult from children to the elderly, people of all ranks are available through the social welfare to meet the normal demand. High welfare welfare system to Canadian social stability, people's life pressure are also smaller. Good social policy objective conditions, with much land and few people and beautiful natural environment. Multi-ethnic, multi culture, Canada is considered the most suitable for human habitation of the countries in the world
Modern social policy is a product of the development of modern capitalist economy and society, accompanied by a sharp change in modern western society and its ideas, initially originated in Britain, the complete system form first appeared in Germany, from the end of the Second World War to the early 1970s, western capitalist countries almost all claims and built a "welfare state" historically, Canada is a former French colony of Britain, Canada, social policy can be traced back to the colonial period. < Elizabeth famous British poor law although it is not official to Canada after, but the Canadian influence is very big. After World War II, the Canadian social policy development rapidly, enter the development period, especially from the beginning of 50s, Canada not only welfare legislation and welfare system gradually expanded, but also focus on the universality and the public In the 70s of last century, the Canadian federal government institutionalized the various social welfare systems. Institutionalized, the social welfare system, which mainly covered the elderly, unemployment insurance, medical insurance and social assistance, was finally formally established.
In mid 1970s, with the outbreak of the oil crisis of capitalist countries, the outbreak of the economic crisis, economic stagnation, rising unemployment and inflation and other problems, the western capitalist countries widespread unemployment and inflation the "stagflation" situation, structural defects of the original welfare state system itself began to emerge, including Canada in western countries finance is difficult to maintain the original form of the welfare state system, western countries have successively started on social policy adjustment and reform from 80s. Since entering 90s, the accelerated development of economic globalization and in-depth has brought hitherto unknown impact on the welfare state system. Canada is no exception, which makes high welfare Canada finances, since the beginning of 1980s, especially at a time of economic crisis The government, facing the increasingly high fiscal deficits and the threat of "stagflation", the Canadian federal government began tightening, coupled with an aging population, rising medical costs and other reasons, the Canadian social policy and social welfare system to quickly enter the adjustment and reform stage, began to "social investment state" (Social Investment state) change, reform the traditional "welfare state" mode, to make its social welfare modernization. Redefining the contractual relationship between the government and the individual, from individual to protect the transformation of government for the development of self and self individual, government functions from economic aid, social services are gradually transformed into human resources and education investment and the capital to human capital investment; comprehensive adjustment of the relationship between government and citizens, everyone should actively to social care for return, Assume the obligation and responsibility to society and others, realize based on modern social justice, do opportunities, rights sharing, risk sharing, obligations. Practice has proved that the social policy reform of Canada's achievement is very obvious, the fabric in member countries is relatively good in the economic cooperation and development. So, for concern and study of this period of social welfare system and social policy reform is now Canada and its future development trend, can learn more from the experience and lessons learned. At present, China is in a critical period to continue and deepen reform, including research and explore suitable for China's national conditions and needs of the current stage of development. With the global economic and social policy construction of social development, foreign experiences and related social policy reform for China's social policy goals in practice Choice, provide an important basis for the division of institutional arrangements and responsibilities of relevant departments, especially for our country is to examine their social policies, to further improve the social assistance system, improve the social welfare system ", more practical significance is very necessary, in fact, this is also the purpose of this study lies. For the purpose of this research. This paper study from the following four aspects:
First of all, the social policy and social development are analyzed, how to understand the inherent contradictions of the capitalist society, the impact of social production of the traditional family security functions, and the effects of the rise and development of modern western social policy in detail, on the basis of the Canadian social policy development, value orientation and characteristics are presented. These constitute the introduction, the first chapter of the paper.
Secondly, the reform of the Canadian social policy, since 1980s, we must start from the Canadian social policy to fully investigate the historical tradition and social welfare system establishment process and the main content, which is the basis and premise of the research. This paper detailed, promote systematic policies and practices of early social Canada and the workers' movement on Canadian social policy were studied in detail with the historical process of its development and the main content. The content of this paper is the second chapter.
Again, the economy of any country, the stage of social development decides the development and changes of the society policy thought and practice, any new theory appears to have the corresponding economic and social development, any one of the national social policy adjustment or reform with the international environment and domestic economic, social practice are closely linked. Therefore, we must start from the domestic and international situation faced by the Canadian social policy adjustment and reform of the influence in the era of globalization of economy, from the domestic political, social and other aspects of Canadian social policy to social investment state transition analysis the problem of deepening the study. The third chapter and the fourth chapter analyses the background of social policy reform in western countries and the specific reform measures of social investment to Canada The theoretical support of the transformation of the state has been systematically expounded.
Finally, the fifth chapter of this thesis from the social justice, development of Canadian social policy and the reform of government responsibility and civil rights and other aspects were evaluated, to study and explore the need for the development of China's national situation and current stage, to the world economic and social policy, the construction of social origin and development, to provide a reference and Enlightenment development and reform, hope to be able to choose for our social policy objectives, provide a basis for division of institutional arrangements and responsibilities of relevant departments.
This paper attempts to make a breakthrough in the following three aspects: first, the innovation and the Canadian social policy historical tradition for the start of the study, the whole process based on the change and development of the welfare state system of social policy as the research object, the process of development of Canadian social policy, analysis the influencing factors and the actual effect is relatively. To make the research more scientific system. Second, different research perspective. The economy of any country, the stage of social development decides the development and changes of the society policy thought and practice, any new theory appears to have the corresponding economic and social development will begin from globalization. Era of Canadian social policy adjustment and reform research, since the end of 1980s focuses on the background of Canada in social policy reform, from globalization The political, economic, and other aspects of Canada from the traditional welfare state to the social investment state transition analysis, which will deepen the study of the problem. Third, evaluation of Canadian social policy and the China revelation. By studying the adjustment of Canadian social policy and the reform of the government, market, social co participate in the government responsibility to ensure fair, safeguard the rights of citizens, and mobilize social forces to actively participate in multiple, become the value orientation of Canadian social policy reform, on China's social policy and its enlightenment is of great significance.
On the basis of these studies, this paper draws the following conclusions: the social policy is an important manifestation of the government responsibility. Maintain and strengthen social services, and constantly improve the quality and level of social policy, is necessary to play every responsible government. The two is the reform of social policy to conform to the times the requirements of different countries in different periods, in different circumstances and conditions, the social policy is not the same. The social policy is constantly changing, is a sign of social and economic development level, is a stage and the characteristics of the times. The three is social policy reforms to safeguard social fairness. Evaluation of social policy and an important criterion is the social justice, promote social investment theory is to pursue equality of opportunity, not equality of outcome. For the knowledge economy and information society and social justice Words, maximize the realization of equality of opportunity is the key. The four is the social policy reform should mobilize and encourage the whole society to participate. The government and non-government, non-profit organizations actively cooperate to encourage individuals and families, businesses, community equal responsibility, to establish a good relationship, make full use of all kinds of social resources, realize the diversification of service supply mode, to promote social harmony.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D771.1

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