磨沟遗址出土铁器分析及冶铁技术初步研究

发布时间：2017-12-27 11:13

本文关键词：磨沟遗址出土铁器分析及冶铁技术初步研究　出处：《西北大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：现阶段中国境内出土早期冶铁遗物数量较少,也未发现有公元前8世纪以前的冶铁遗址,使得有关中国冶铁技术起源长期以来都存在很大的争议。冶铁技术来源主要有西来说和本土说两种不同的观点。考古发掘资料表明：大约在公元前6到4干纪,西亚地区已经出现人工冶铁制品,国内外一些学者趋向中国冶铁技术来源于西亚,但在传播路线方面存在从新疆通过河西走廊进入中原,以及通过草原地带直接传入中原两种不同观点；随着中国境内早期铁制品的不断出土及其科学分析,也有一部分学者认为中国冶铁技术属于本土起源,但是关于本土起源也存在冶铁技术独立出现并发展以及受到冶铜技术的影响而产生两种不同观念。要探索中国冶铁技术起源,不仅需要对出土的早期冶铁制品进行系统、科学的分析研究,还需要深入探讨早期冶铁技术工艺过程。目前中国境内发现最早的人工冶铁为磨沟遗址出土的铁制品,其成分、金相组织分析表明铁制品为热锻渗碳加工后形成的块炼渗碳钢。与西亚地区开展冶铁活动的时间接近,为研究中国冶铁起源提供了新的实物资料,使得我们可以从冶铁使用时间及技术来源方面重新审视中国冶铁技术起源,对进一步探索中国冶铁技术起源有着十分重要的意义。通过冶金实验考古己知,在800-1000℃左右温度下,块炼铁可由铁矿石在固体状态下还原产生。我国铜、铁矿资源的共生特点,早期铜器以及冶铜遗物的科学分析数据显示,在早期冶铜过程中,会采集到铜铁共生矿石,由于早期对矿石拣选处理技术的限制,冶铜原料中普遍会混入一定量的铁矿石,且部分铁矿石会被还原成铁进入粗铜或炉渣中。同时,早期冶铜的技术条件完全可以达到1000℃高温,并形成良好的还原气氛。由此推测：如果在冶铜原料中混合有铁矿石,在冶炼过程中铁矿石被还原就有可能偶然生成块炼铁。倘若可以证实在冶铜中会产生块炼铁,则可推断中国早期冶铁技术有可能来源于成熟的冶铜技术,对研究中国冶铁技术起源有着重要的参考价值。为探讨早期冶铜过程中是否会有块炼铁的生成。本文设计模拟实验以早期冶铜条件对铜铁混合矿进行冶炼,对模拟冶炼产物进行分析,并将分析结果与早期红铜及磨沟遗址铁制品进行对比分析。模拟冶炼实验表明,复原的炼铜炉在950℃左右温度下即可生成包裹在炉渣中的红铜颗粒,需要破碎拣选出铜颗粒,与早期冶铜考古资料一致。使用铜、铁混合矿石在冶铜技术条件下进行模拟冶炼,生成的冶炼产物与炉渣粘附在一起,在破碎拣选铜颗粒过程中发现有灰白色、质地坚硬产物的存在。对冶炼生成的铜颗粒、灰色团块状产物及炉渣进行成分、金相组织分析,确定其为红铜和块炼铁。模拟冶炼实验显示：在950℃左右,不论采用低品位铜矿还是高品位铜矿,只要冶铜矿料中混入一定量的铁矿石,使用冶铜炉在冶铜技术条件下冶炼,都会生成红铜颗粒及团块状块炼铁。磨沟遗址出土铁制品科学分析及模拟实验表明,在冶铜过程中会偶然出现块炼铁,且可能在冶炼产物拣选过程中会被人们发现并使用。由此可推测,中国早期冶铁技术很可能源于成熟的冶铜技术,公元前14世纪磨沟遗址冶铁应属于中国冶铁的萌芽阶段,是古代先民在冶铜条件下偶然得到的产物。这一研究为重新审视中国冶铁技术起源提供了新的线索,从而进一步推进中国冶铁技术起源和早期发展的研究。
[Abstract]:At present Chinese early iron relics unearthed within small number, also found no iron sites before eighth Century B. C, the origin of the China iron making techniques have long been controversial. The main source of iron for the West and native two different views. Archaeological data show that in about 6 BC to 4 dry period, West Asia has the artificial iron products, some domestic and foreign scholars tend to China fabrication technology from the west, but the spread of existing route from Xinjiang through the Hexi Corridor into the Central Plains, and the grassland area directly into the Central Plains two different viewpoints; with the continuous in the early China unearthed iron products and scientific analysis, also some scholars believe that Chinese metallurgical technology belongs to the native origin, but also has influence on native origin of iron and copper are independent and the development of technology and the two different concepts. To explore the origin of China iron smelting technology, analysis of the system, not only need to early iron products unearthed in science, also need to discuss the early iron smelting process. At present, Chinese found the earliest artificial iron mill ditch iron products unearthed from the site, its composition, microstructure analysis shows that the block iron smelting products for hot forging processing after the formation of carburizing carburizing steel. To carry out the activities of iron and west regions of time close, provides new materials for the study of the origin Chinese Yetie, we can make use of time and technology from the source of iron to re-examine the origin of China iron smelting technology, has a very important significance for further exploration of the origin of China fabrication technology. Through metallurgical experimental archaeology, it is known that at the temperature of about 800-1000 C, the iron ore can be reduced by the iron ore in the solid state. China's copper iron ore resources, symbiotic characteristics, bronze and copper from the scientific analysis of the data showed that early, early in the process of copper, copper and iron ore can be collected, due to early ore sorting processing technology, generally the amount of copper in the raw materials of iron ore, and part of iron ore will be reduced iron or slag into crude copper. At the same time, the early technical conditions of copper can achieve the high temperature of 1000 DEG C, and the formation of good reducing atmosphere. It is suggested that if the copper material is mixed with iron ore, the reduction in the smelting process of iron ore may have happened iron block. If you can confirm that the copper will be produced in the iron block, can be inferred Chinese early iron may have come from the mature technology of copper, has an important reference value for the research on the origin of Chinese fabrication technology. To investigate the early generation of copper in the process of whether there will be iron block. This paper takes the early copper smelting conditions of mixed copper iron mine design simulation experiment, simulation of smelting products were analyzed, and the results of the analysis and early Mogou site copper and iron products were analyzed. The experiment indicates that the simulation of smelting, copper smelting furnace can be recovered at 950 degrees Celsius temperature generated in the slag wrapped in copper particles to crush chosen copper particles, and early archaeological data consistent with copper. The use of copper and iron ore smelting of copper in hybrid simulation technology conditions, generation of smelting products and slag adhesion together, found a white, hard texture products exist in the process of picking broken copper particles. The generation of smelting copper particles, grey lumps products and slag composition, microstructure analysis, to determine the copper and iron block. The simulation experiment shows: smelting at about 950 DEG C, regardless of the low grade copper or high grade copper ore, as long as the amount of copper ore in the iron ore, copper smelting copper furnace used in technical conditions, will generate copper particles and nodular iron block. Show that the Mogou site analysis of archaeological iron products science and simulation experiments in the smelting process will happen in the smelting iron block, and may choose product process will be found and used. It can be concluded that China early iron is likely due to the mature technology of copper, the fourteenth Century BC Mogou site should belong to China iron iron bud stage, is a product of ancient people in accidental conditions of copper. This study is to re-examine the origin of China iron making techniques provide new clues to further study China iron origin and the early development of.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K876.42

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