中国早期铜器研究

发布时间：2019-06-24 15:19

【摘要】：早期铜器相关问题的研究,自上世纪80年代以来,一直是学术界关注的一个热点。目前,中国境内已出土各类早期铜器1800余件,其分布地域广,在黄河流域、燕山南北、河西走廊、新疆地区等地均有发现；时间跨度长,从仰韶时代初露端倪,经龙山时代缓慢发展,至夏时期各地区迅速繁荣,历经近三千年,表现出明显的地域差异和年代差异。多年来,学者们围绕着中国的青铜时代起始年代,中国青铜器的发生发展道路等问题展开激烈的探讨,获得了许多有益的结论。本文将在前人研究的基础上对早期铜器进行综合研究,具体包括以下几个部分：第一部分：各区域早期铜器的发展特点,依据早期铜器的种类、数量、制作技术、合金工艺的不同,分新疆中西部区、东天山与河西走廊区、河湟区、中原海岱区和北方区五个区域,系统整理各区域发现的早期铜器和冶炼遗物,通过对各区早期铜器特征的总结,理清各区域内部早期冶铜业的发展过程。第二部分：对欧亚草原相关考古学文化发进行简要介绍,目前来看,与我国早期冶铜技术互动较多的文化主要集中在阿尔泰地区和米努辛斯克盆地,包括阿凡纳谢沃文化、奥库涅夫文化、赛伊玛—图尔宾诺现象和安德罗诺沃文化。阿凡纳谢沃文化和奥库涅夫文化发现铜器较少,器型也比较简单,因此这两支文化对我国冶铜技术的影响问题,还需要更多证据才能更深入的探讨。赛伊玛—图尔宾诺现象和安德罗诺沃文化对我国冶铜技术的影响是较为清楚地,赛伊玛—图尔宾诺文化最为典型的器物,如带耳竖銎斧和叉形直銎铜矛以及安德罗诺沃文化横銎斧、弯头斧、镰形刀、喇叭形口耳环(或鬓环)在我国的西北地区都见有出土,一些器类如喇叭口形耳环甚至一直传播到燕山南北地区夏家店下层文化。第三部分：典型器物的源流分析,择数量较多,形制演变以及区域特征较明显的典型器形,研究这些器形在中国境内以及中亚西伯利亚地区的起始年代和分布范围。通过分析,我们发现装饰品和小型工具多发现于新疆、河西走廊、河湟以及北方地区,与中亚西伯利亚地区的同类器较接近,受其影响明显。铜容器和一部分工具武器则明确属于中原文化系统,如铜鼎、铜爵、扁斧、戈、铜牌饰等,具有明显的中国特色。也有一部分器物融合了中原传统和欧亚草原文化传统,如北方地区流行的带翼有銎镞,同时具有中原带翼镞和欧亚草原有銎镞的优点。第四部分：区域间冶铜技术的交流与传播,分河西走廊及其以西地区(欧亚草原系统)、河湟—长城沿线地区(过渡区)、中原海岱地区(中原系统)三个区域,综合考量中国本土冶铜术的发展特点和境外考古文化冶铜技术对中国早期铜器的影响,研究各区域间早期冶铜技术的交流与传播。第五部分：中国早期铜器的起源研究,我国不同地区铜器的起源是不同的,中原地区是独立起源的,河西走廊及其以西地区受到欧亚草原铜器文化的强烈冲击,河湟地区和长城沿线则正处于两种铜器传统的交接地带,在东西方铜器文化的共同作用下,形成了自己的特征。
[Abstract]:The research of the related problems of the early copper devices has been a hot issue of the academic circles since the 1980s. At present, more than 1800 kinds of early copper devices have been unearthed in China, and the distribution area is wide. It has been found in the Yellow River basin, the north and the south of the Yanshan, the Hexi Corridor, the Xinjiang region and so on. The time span is long, from the beginning to the end of the time of the back-up period, and is slowly developed through the time of Longshan. The region's rapid prosperity in the summer period, after nearly three thousand years, showed marked regional difference and age difference. For many years, the scholars have made a fierce discussion about the development of the Chinese bronze wares in the beginning of the bronze age of China and the development of the bronze wares in China, and many useful conclusions have been obtained. In this paper, the early copper device will be comprehensively studied on the basis of the previous research, including the following parts: Part 1: The development characteristics of early copper devices in all regions, depending on the type, quantity, fabrication technology and alloy process of early copper devices, in the central and western part of Xinjiang. In the five areas of the area, the East Tianshan and the Hexi Corridor, the river and water areas, the Central Plains, the Haidai District and the north area, the early copper devices and the smelting relics found in the regions are sorted out, and the development of the copper industry in the early part of each area is clarified through the summary of the characteristics of the early copper devices in each area. The second part: The second part: a brief introduction to the related archaeological culture of the Eurasian grassland, and at present, more and more cultures with the early copper smelting technology in China are mainly concentrated in the Altai area and the Minusinsk basin, including the Avanna Shevuo culture and the Okuinne. Steve, Saima, Turbino, and Andho. The culture of Avanna and the culture of Okuenv have found that the copper is less and the device type is also relatively simple. Therefore, the two cultures have an impact on the technology of copper smelting in our country, and more evidence is needed to be more in-depth. The study of the effect on the technology of the smelting of copper in our country is the most typical of the effect of the events of the Simago-Turbino and the Andranovo culture on the copper-smelting technology in our country, such as the vertical axe with the ears and the fork-shaped straight-type copper spears, and the Andranovo culture cross-linked axe and the elbow axe. The sickle-shaped knife, the horn-shaped mouth-ring (or the ring-shaped ring) are found in the northwest of China, some of which, like bell-shaped earrings, have even been spread to the summer shop in the north and south of the Yanshan. The third part: the analysis of the origin of typical artifacts, the number of alternative, the evolution of the shape and the characteristics of the region, and the study of the origin of these devices in the Chinese territory and in the western region of Central Asia. Through the analysis, we find that the decorations and small tools are found in Xinjiang, the Hexi Corridor, the River Basin and the northern area, and are close to the same kind of devices in the western region of Central Asia. It has obvious influence. The copper container and a part of the tool weapons are clearly belong to the Central Plains culture system, such as the copper Ding, the jue, the flat axe, the Ge, the bronze decoration, etc., and has obvious effect. There are also some of the artifacts that blend the traditional and Eurasia grassland cultural traditions of the Central Plains, such as the popular belt wing in the northern part of China, and the Central Plains with the wings and the Eurasia grassland. The fourth part: the exchange and dissemination of the interregional copper-smelting technology, the Hexi Corridor and its west area (the Eurasian grassland system), the area along the Great Wall of the River and the Central Plains (the transition area), the Central Plains and the Haidai area (Central Plains) The paper studies the development characteristics of Chinese local copper smelting and the influence of the technology of foreign archaeological culture and copper smelting on the early copper in China, and studies the technology of the early smelting of copper in all regions. The fifth part: the origin of the early copper device in China, the origin of the copper in different regions of China is different, the middle and the origin are independent, and the Hexi Corridor and the west of China are affected by the Eurasian grassland. The strong impact of the copper device culture, along the river and the Great Wall, is in the traditional handover area of the two copper devices, and under the common action of the East-West copper-ware culture
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K876.41

【参考文献】