马克思的意识形态概念研究

发布时间：2018-03-22 05:00

本文选题：马克思　切入点：意识形态　出处：《兰州大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在今天,“意识形态”是一个无比重要,但歧义迭出的概念,有各式各样的理解。每种理解都有一定的思想谱系,而每种谱系都可以追溯到马克思。为此,就需要详细地考察马克思的意识形态概念。马克思意识形态概念有一定的思想渊源,这就是特拉西、拿破仑和黑格尔对意识形态概念的使用和理解。特拉西将“意识形态”视为与迷信、谬误相对立的新科学——观念学,并对此倾注了浓厚的启蒙诉求；日益趋向保守和专制的拿破仑,将特拉西的“意识形态”视为具有破坏作用的“空想”、“幻想”；黑格尔也认为特拉西的“意识形态”对意识的理解过于简单和直观,为此他在《精神现象学》中力求社会的、历史的把握意识发展的诸阶段,特别是他在有关教化与语言、语言与现实世界的颠倒的深刻分析,赋予了意识的否定性内涵。以历史唯物主义的形成为界,马克思的意识形态概念分为前后两个时期：青年马克思的意识形态概念和历史唯物主义视域中的意识形态概念。青年马克思曾多次使用“意识形态”一词,首次使用是在《博士论文》中。这时期他对“意识形态”一词的理解完全是拿破仑式的,即意识形态就是幻想、空想。这就是“意识形态”在马克思那里的初始概念。同时,青年马克思通过对黑格尔法哲学和基督教的批判,开始了对意识形态现象的初步认识。在对黑格尔法哲学的批判中,马克思深刻地认识到,决定国家和法的不是理性和自由,而是现实的利益。对基督教的批判,特别是《德法年鉴》时期马克思对基督教的批判,则揭示出宗教世界的颠倒根源于尘世的颠倒,宗教是这个颠倒的世界的理论表现。马克思历史唯物主义视域中的意识形态概念,才实现了意识形态概念的革命。但是,他并没有为我们和盘托出意识形态的完整概念,他总是在不同的著作和不同的情境中,有针对性的使用“意识形态”一词。这给马克思身后的学者制造了很大的难题,于是便出现了许多的解决方案。最常见的,就是把马克思的意识形态概念的整体性打破,分裂为几个互不关联的概念。这种方法简便易行,许多人都遵循此道。从根本上说,这些人不是理论上的懒惰者,而是对历史唯物主义缺乏理解。在马克思那里,对历史唯物主义的阐释虽然分布于诸多的著作中,但是历史唯物主义具有内在的逻辑统一性,从而作为历史唯物主义的重要范畴——“意识形态”也具有逻辑统一性。有的人把马克思的“意识形态”当作一个哲学概念来把握,这样意识形态的概念就仿佛充满形而上学性。实际上,历史唯物主义不是旧哲学,而是历史科学。它的每个重要范畴都对应于一定的历史关系,也对应一定历史现象的存在。在历史唯物主义的视域中,“意识形态”被指认为一种内涵丰富的历史现象,它有着客观的生成机制、运行机制和存在形式。而对“意识形态”概念的完整性揭示,也就必然以历史唯物主义的科学方法为依据。同时,用历史唯物主义科学方法剖析意识形态概念的过程,同样也是对意识形态概念所包括的各个要素进行比较详细的考察的过程,两者是同一的。
[Abstract]:Today, the "ideology" is an extremely important but ambiguous concept, there is every kind of understanding. Understanding each have certain ideological spectrum, and each lineage can be traced back to Marx. Therefore, we need a detailed study of Marx's concept of ideology. Marx's ideological concept has some ideological origin. This is Tracy, Napoleon and Hagel use and understanding of the concept of ideology. Tracy "ideology" as opposed to superstition and fallacy, new scientific concept, and has devoted a great enlightenment appeal; more conservative and authoritarian Napoleon, will Tracy "ideology" is regarded as destroy the "Utopian", "fantasy"; Hagel also believes that Tracy "ideology" of consciousness understanding is too simple and intuitive, so he in "spiritual phenomena In the process of learning, we strive for the social and historical grasp of the stages of consciousness development, especially in his profound analysis of the enlightenment and language, the language and the real world, giving the negation connotation of consciousness.
With the formation of historical materialism as circles, Marx's concept of ideology can be divided into two periods: the concept of ideology concept of ideology and historical materialism of Marx's youth. Youth Marx has repeatedly used the word "ideology", first used in < >. This dissertation period his understanding of "ideology" the word is Napoleon, ideology is fantasy, fantasy. This is the initial concept of "ideology" in Marx. At the same time, the young Marx Hagel critique philosophy and Christianity, began a preliminary understanding of ideology phenomenon. In their critique of Hagel's philosophy of law, Marx deeply understanding that decides the state and the law is not rational and free, but the reality of the interests. Critique of Christianity, especially the "German Law Yearbook > Marx period The criticism of Christianity reveals that the upside down of the religious world is rooted in the reversal of the world, and religion is the theoretical manifestation of this upside down world.
The concept of ideology from the perspective of Marx in historical materialism, achieved the ideological concept of the revolution. However, he did not complete the concept we emerge in its totality ideology, he is always in different works and different situations, targeted use of "ideology" is a word. This gave Marx a lot of scholars behind the problem, then there have been many solutions. The most common, is the integrity of the concept of ideology of Marx's broken, split into several unrelated concepts. This method is simple, many people have followed suit. Fundamentally speaking, these people are not theoretically lazy, but the lack of understanding of historical materialism.
In Marx there, although the historical materialism explanation distribution in many writings, but historical materialism has the inherent logic of unity, thus, "ideology" as an important category of historical materialism is the logical unity. Some people consider Marx's ideology as a philosophical concept to grasp the concept. This ideology as full of metaphysics. In fact, the historical materialism is not the old philosophy, but the science of history. Each of its important category corresponds to a certain historical relations, also to a certain historical phenomenon. In the view of historical materialism, "ideology" is considered as a rich history it is a phenomenon, the formation mechanism of the objective existence, operation mechanism and form. And the integrity of the concept of "ideology" reveals that is inevitable to calendar Historical materialism is based on scientific methods. At the same time, the process of analyzing the concept of ideology with historical materialism is also a process of detailed investigation of all elements contained in the concept of ideology. They are the same.

【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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