正义的张力：马克思正义理论研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 00:35

本文选题：马克思正义理论 + 塔克尔—伍德命题　；参考：《南京信息工程大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：正义是人类社会生活最重要的主题。自近代以降,自由主义正义观占据了正义讨论的主流话语。但自由主义正义自身有着不可忽视的缺陷,分析和研究马克思正义理论成为社会和时代的必要。讨论马克思主义正义理论,面临的第一重张力即是是否存在马克思主义理论。“塔克尔——伍德命题”就表达了这样的观点：马克思并没有基于某种正义观而批评资本主义社会；资本主义剥削是正义的；共产主义社会是一个超越正义的社会。胡萨米对这种观点提出了批评。总结“伍德胡萨米之争”可以得出结论：其一是他们的论证各有合理之处,但并不全面；其二是马克思始终是在“狭义”和“广义”两种意义上使用正义和正义的相关概念,伍德坚持的是前者,而胡萨米坚持的是后一种；其三是马克思虽然有一种正义观,但是这种正义观并不是先验的。马克思正义理论也不是一蹴而就的,而是经历了一个“断裂”的过程,这也是马克思正义理论的第二重张力。年轻时候的马克思继承了来自洛克、康德等人自由主义传统,坚持抽象的自由、平等和权利等自由主义正义观；而从对“异化”等概念的分析开始,马克思意识到古典正义与自由主义正义的理论缺陷,逐渐转向以历史唯物主义为基础的“批判性的正义”：坚持社会生产才是社会的真正基础和动力；正义是社会生产的产物,是一个历史范畴；物质生产的发展决定了正义内容的演变；生产决定分配,而不是正义决定分配。马克思正义理论与罗尔斯的“作为公平的正义”有着许多相同之处,它们共同为社会底层和弱势群体呐喊,它们肇始于相似的社会环境。但是它们之间的区别也是明显的,这是马克思正义理论的第三重张力。“作为公平的正义”是从原初状态出发,通过一系列限制条件来最终达到两个正义原则,马克思的正义理论则是从阶级理论和异化的视角出发证明无产阶级革命学说的合理性；它们在自由概念的界定上是不一致的,马克思的正义理论主要表现为积极自由的政治哲学特色,却也能主动包含消极自由的内容,“作为公平的正义”是消极自由的典型,但是差别原则等方面也透露出积极自由的色彩来；对于共产主义到底能否实现的问题,马克思和罗尔斯也有着不同的表述。当代中国特色的社会主义的发展必须积极发掘马克思正义理论资源,批判性地借鉴西方自由主义的正义理论,以完善中国特色的市场经济,为构建中国特色社会主义正义和谐社会提供理论支撑。
[Abstract]:Justice is the most important theme of human social life. Since modern times, liberal view of justice has occupied the mainstream discourse of justice discussion. But liberalism justice has its own defects which can not be ignored. It is necessary for society and times to analyze and study Marx's theory of justice. To discuss the Marxist theory of justice, the first tension is the existence of Marxist theory. The Tucker Wood Proposition expresses such a view: Marx did not criticize capitalist society on the basis of a certain view of justice; capitalist exploitation is just; communist society is a society beyond justice. Hu Sammy criticized this view. Summing up the "Woodhumami argument", we can draw a conclusion: first, their arguments are reasonable, but not comprehensive; the other is that Marx has always used the relevant concepts of justice and justice in the sense of "narrow sense" and "broad sense", and the other is that Marx always uses the relevant concepts of justice and justice in the sense of "narrow sense" and "broad sense". Wood insists on the former, while Housami insists on the latter; the third is that Marx has a view of justice, but this view of justice is not transcendental. Marx's theory of justice was not accomplished overnight, but went through a process of "breakage", which is the second tension of Marx's theory of justice. In his youth, Marx inherited liberalism traditions from Locke, Kant and others, insisting on abstract liberalism, such as freedom, equality and rights, and began with the analysis of the concept of alienation. Aware of the theoretical defects of classical and liberal justice, Marx gradually turned to "critical justice" based on historical materialism: insisting that social production is the real foundation and motive force of society, and that justice is the product of social production, It is a historical category; the development of material production determines the evolution of just content; production determines distribution, not justice decides distribution. Marx's theory of justice has much in common with Rawls's Justice as Fair, and they cry out for the underclass and the weak groups, which originated from the similar social environment. But the difference between them is also obvious, which is the third tension of Marx's theory of justice. "Justice as fairness" is from the original state, through a series of restrictive conditions to finally achieve the two principles of justice, Marx's theory of justice is from the class theory and alienation perspective to prove the rationality of the proletarian revolutionary theory; They are inconsistent in the definition of the concept of freedom. Marx's theory of justice is mainly characterized by the political philosophy of positive freedom, but it can also actively contain the content of negative freedom. "Justice as fairness" is a typical example of negative freedom. However, the principle of difference and other aspects also revealed a positive and liberal color, and Marx and Rawls had different expressions on whether communism could be realized or not. In order to perfect the market economy with Chinese characteristics, the development of contemporary socialism with Chinese characteristics must actively explore the resources of Marx's justice theory and critically learn from the justice theory of western liberalism. To provide theoretical support for the construction of a just and harmonious society with Chinese characteristics.
【学位授予单位】：南京信息工程大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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