西方马克思主义辩证法观探析

发布时间：2018-05-01 13:14

本文选题：西方马克思主义 + 自然辩证法　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：西方马克思主义是在十月革命爆发后,出现在西方国家的一种重新解读与反思马克思哲学的左的思潮。西方马克思主义关于辩证法的解读与反思是围绕对马克思主义辩证法的理解与对恩格斯自然辩证法的批判展开的,其矛头指向主要有三个:第二国际的修正主义、全部资产阶级哲学和正统马克思主义哲学。自卢卡奇开始,关于马克思的辩证法问题的反思与争论就一直在西方马克思主义者之间展开,并相继诞生出一系列具有代表性的研究成果。虽然观点不尽相同,但他们却始终坚持着一个原则,即均反对自然辩证法的存在,代之以历史辩证法。他们认为,自然界虽然有它自身发展的规律,但却没有辩证法诞生和发展的过程,因为只有人类才有辩证的要求,人类能够通过自己的意志和实践改造社会,自然界却没有思想和实践,因而把辩证法简单归结为自然辩证法是在否认历史进程的特殊性与人的主体性。虽然有些西方马克思主义的辩证法观具有一定的局限性,但他们对于实践、主客体间的关系及总体性辩证法的主张具有理论价值和实践意义,值得我们深入研究与反思。西方马克思主义的辩证法理论增添了辩证法的内容,推动了马克思主义哲学对辩证法问题的深入探究。本文无意也不可能达到对西方马克思主义辩证法观的全面解读,本文只是一种概括性研究西方马克思主义的辩证法观。论文研究了四个方面的问题:第一,论文介绍了选题的出发点以及研究该选题的重要意义。对西方马克思主义的辩证法观的研究对于我们了解整个西方马克思主义思潮乃至现代西方哲学的新发展都具有重要意义。论文关注了国内外学界关于西方马克思主义的辩证法理论研究的新进展,分析、学习与借鉴已取得的相关理论研究成果,在此基础上结合自身的理解与学术积累,形成自己的关于西方马克思主义的辩证法理论的基本认识。第二,论文总结了西方马克思主义关于自然辩证法的认识和对自然辨证法理论的批判。重点分析了西方马克思主义者中对辩证法有特别研究的卢卡奇、法兰克福学派以及存在主义马克思主义和结构主义的辩证法理论和思想。具体说来,卢卡奇认为自然辩证法抛弃了人的主体性与实践活动,而空谈自然界的运动规律,这是忽视马克思辩证法的革命性与实践性的表现;马尔库塞反对将辩证法视为一种普遍的世界观,提出辩证法只适用于阶级社会,因而他否认“自然辩证法”的存在;阿尔都塞认为恩格斯的自然辩证法思想中掺杂着一些黑格尔的自然哲学原理,而马克思与黑格尔之间不存在任何联系,所以自然辩证法理论偏离了马克思的本意;萨特抨击恩格斯的自然辩证法理论是把辩证法与自然界强行结合在一起的产物,失去了辩证法自身的科学性与生命力。第三,论文研究了西方马克思主义主要代表人物对辩证法理论的新建构及其主要思考和探索出的理论成果。本部分重点阐述以下几个人物的观点:卢卡奇的“总体性辩证法”思想,站在社会历史的整体性与主客体相互统一的立场,揭示了在具备无产阶级革命的客观条件下,应如何使无产阶级的阶级意识充分发挥其作为革命成功的关键的作用,然而其辩证法过于看重意识的作用,最终陷入了唯心主义;萨特的“人学辩证法”思想,萨特以存在主义哲学丰富马克思哲学的观点彰显出其发展马克思哲学的愿景,主张以个人实践为基础的“人学”来代替唯物辩证法,以弥补马克思哲学中的“弊端”,达到对马克思哲学的“完善”,因而,在这个层面上,我们切忌因为萨特的思想中存在与马克思主义相对立的部分,就全面否定萨特的理论主张;阿尔都塞的“结构辩证法”,强调马克思对黑格尔辩证法理论的根本变革是改造辩证法的结构,而不是单纯的对辩证法的含义的颠倒,在这个层面上,马克思与黑格尔在辩证法上的根本差异体现在辩证法的规定性和特有结构中。因此,阿尔都塞提出必须加强马克思辩证法的结构性逻辑,即以“结构辩证法”来理解马克思辩证法,意在打破人本主义关于“历史是在主客体的交互作用中产生的”观点,以维护马克思主义辩证法的科学性。但是,我们能够感受到他的理论带有一种消解主体的意味;马尔库塞的“否定的辩证法”,他否认马克思主义辩证法具有普遍适用性,然而他看不见资本主义社会所固有的矛盾与变革社会的力量,因而他的否定的辩证法思想是不彻底的;德拉-沃尔佩和克莱蒂的“经验的实证主义辩证法”,提出马克思的哲学方法是以实验为基础的新实证主义,这种方法在抛开思辨理性主义的同时把理性也一起抛开了,导致其无法在历史中立足。第四,对西方马克思主义辩证法思想的基本评价。这部分包括三方面:首先论文总结了西方马克思主义辩证法的理论特征——历史性、批判性、实践性、总体性;其次分析了西方马克思主义辩证法理论的局限——仅限于社会历史领域,走向了唯心主义,反对把辩证法本体论化的主张过于绝对化,具有乌托邦色彩;最后站在现实的角度对西方马克思主义辩证法观作了进一步反思——西方马克思主义试图为实现人类解放提供一种新的思想武器,这为我国建设中国特色社会主义提供了一些启示,我们要学习西方马克思主义者坚持辩证法精神的态度,在推进马克思主义中国化的实践中,运用集体智慧,与时俱进,构建具有中国风格的马克思主义辩证法观。
[Abstract]:After the outbreak of the October revolution, the western Marx doctrine appeared in the western countries to reinterpret and reflect on the left trend of thought of Marx's philosophy. The interpretation and reflection of Western Marx's Dialectics about dialectics of Marx and the criticism of Engels's Dialectics of nature were focused on the main point of the Lord. There are three: Second International revisionism, all bourgeois philosophy and Orthodox Marx philosophy. Since Lukacs, the reflection and debate about Marx's dialectics have been carried out between the western Marx, and a series of representative research results have been born. But they always adhere to the principle that they all oppose the existence of Dialectics of nature and replace it with historical dialectics. They believe that although nature has its own laws of development, there is no process of birth and development of dialectics, because only human beings have dialectical demands, and human beings can transform society through their own will and practice. There is no thought and practice in nature, so the dialectics simply boils down to the dialectics of nature in denying the particularity of the historical process and the subjectivity of human beings. Although some western Marx doctrine dialectics have some limitations, they have a theoretical price for the practice, the relationship between the subject and the object and the Dialectics of the general nature. The value and practical significance deserve our in-depth study and reflection. The dialectic theory of Western Marx doctrine adds the content of dialectics and promotes the deep exploration of the dialectics of Marx's philosophy. This article is impossible to achieve a comprehensive interpretation of the dialectic view of the western Marx doctrine. This article is only a generality study. The dialectic view of Western Marx's doctrine has been studied in four aspects: first, the thesis introduces the starting point of the topic and the significance of the study of the topic, and the study of the dialectic view of Western Marx doctrine is of great importance to our understanding of the new development of the whole western Marx doctrine and the modern western philosophy. The paper pays attention to the new progress of the research on the dialectical theory of Western Marx doctrine at home and abroad, analyses, studies and draw on the relevant theoretical research achievements that have been obtained. On this basis, it combines his own understanding and academic accumulation to form his own basic understanding of the dialectic theory of western Marx doctrine. Second, This paper sums up the understanding of the western Marx doctrine on the dialectics of nature and the criticism of the theory of natural dialectics. It focuses on the dialectic theory and thought of the western Marx, the Frankfurt school and the existentialism and structuralism, which have a special study of dialectics. In particular, Luca It is believed that dialectics of nature abandons the subjectivity and practice of human beings, and talks about the law of movement in nature, which is the manifestation of neglecting the revolutionary and practical manifestation of Marx's dialectics; Marcuse opposes dialectics as a universal world view, and that dialectics is only applicable to class society, so he denies "Dialectics of nature". Al Du Jose thinks that Engels's Dialectics of nature is mixed with some of Hagel's natural philosophical principles, but there is no connection between Marx and Hagel, so the theory of Dialectics of nature deviates from the meaning of Marx; Sutter slams on the dialectics of dialectics and nature to forcibly knot dialectics. The product that is together, loses the scientificity and vitality of dialectics itself. Third, the paper studies the new construction of the main representatives of Western Marx doctrine on the theory of dialectics and the theoretical results of its main thinking and exploration. This part focuses on the views of the following characters: Lukacs's "general dialectics" thought. From the standpoint of the unity of the whole social history and the subject and the guest body, it reveals how the class consciousness of the proletariat should give full play to its key role as the success of the revolution under the objective conditions of the proletarian revolution. However, the dialectics of the proletariat emphasizes the role of consciousness and eventually falls into idealism; Sutter's " The thought of human dialectics, Sutter shows his vision of developing Marx's philosophy with the view that existentialist philosophy enriches Marx philosophy, and advocates "human learning" based on personal practice instead of materialist dialectics, in order to make up for the "malpractice" in Marx's philosophy and to achieve the "perfection" of Marx's philosophy, thus, in this layer. In the face, we should not completely deny the theory of Sutter because of the relative part of Sutter's thought with Marx, and Al Du Jose's "structural dialectics", which emphasizes that Marx's fundamental change in Hagel's dialectic theory is the structure of the dialectics, not the simple meaning of dialectics. At this level, the fundamental difference between Marx and Hagel in dialectics is embodied in the prescriptive and unique structure of dialectics. Therefore, Al Du Jose must strengthen the structural logic of Marx's dialectics, that is, the understanding of Marx Dialectics by "structural dialectics", which is intended to break the humanism of "history is the subject and the guest body". The idea produced in the interaction is to maintain the scientific nature of the dialectics of Marx's doctrine. However, we can feel that his theory has a means of dissolving the subject; Marcuse's "negative dialectics" denies that the Marx doctrine dialectics is universally applicable, but he can not see the inherent nature of the capitalist society. The contradiction and power of changing society, so his negative dialectic thought is not thorough; DRA - Wolf and Coletti's "empirical positivism dialectics", put forward that Marx's philosophical method is a new positivism based on the experiment, and this method discarding rational rationalism and throwing reason together. Fourth, the basic evaluation of the dialectical thought of Western Marx doctrine. This part includes three aspects: first, the thesis summarizes the theoretical characteristics of Western Marx's Dialectics - historicity, critical, practical, and general; secondly, the limitations of the western Marx doctrine dialectics are analyzed. Only in the field of social history, it has moved towards idealism, opposed the assertion of the ontology of dialectics too absolute and utopian, and finally made a further reflection on the dialectical view of Western Marx doctrine in the perspective of reality - the western Marx doctrine tried to provide a new ideological weapon for the realization of human liberation. This provides some enlightenment for China's construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. We should learn the attitude of the western Marx adherence to the spirit of dialectics. In the practice of promoting the Sinicization of Marx doctrine, we should use collective wisdom, keep pace with the times, and build a dialectic view of Marx doctrine with Chinese style.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：A81

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