列宁文化理论研究

发布时间：2018-07-04 07:43

本文选题：列宁 + 马克思主义　；参考：《山东大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：本文就列宁的文化理论进行了系统的研究。作为一位百科全书式的人物,列宁始终把文化放在关系国家前途和命运的战略地位,在积极汲取马克思、恩格斯和其他马克思主义者文化理论精华的基础上,紧跟时代步伐,结合俄国具体各领域不断地掌握和创新马克思主义,既不固步自封,又不盲目标新立异,沿着马克思主义开辟的方向,以巨大的理论勇气和求实精神不断地发展创新文化理论,在分析和解决了帝国主义条件下俄国社会出现的一系列新课题的基础上,提出了系列既与马克思、恩格斯一脉相承的,又植根于多样化俄国国情的新理论和新观点,逐渐发展成一套独具俄国特色和体现时代本质的科学的列宁文化理论。这也是马克思主义在现时代最富于活力的生长点之一。因此,以文化为视角对列宁思想进行深入的挖掘和系统的梳理,既有助于我们深入发掘马克思主义的理论内涵,也有助于创造富于时代气息的马克思主义现代理论形态。研究列宁文化理论,既要站在历史的角度,把它放到20世纪帝国主义时代的世界历史总体格局中去,放到俄国这种落后、半亚细亚国家的特殊国情中去,放到探寻社会主义建设道路的曲折历史画卷中去；还要站在现代的角度,面向当代,面向社会主义改革,面向社会主义文化大发展大繁荣,面向现代全球化浪潮。只有这样,才能深入了解列宁在不同历史阶段作出的不同选择、不同尝试的内在矛盾,才能深入把握整个时代的脉搏和列宁思想的深层结构,历史地、真实地、生动地还原历史原貌,才能清晰勾勒该理论的纵向历史演进和横向的内容发展,才能在广度上和深度上提炼出其蕴藏的思想底蕴和理论精华,才能明晰其何以为及何以能成为一个理论体系的思想支撑,才能创造性地发展列宁文化理论,以便高屋建瓴地探索社会主义文化建设的基本原则和发展趋势。因此,本文着重从纵向维度和横向维度两个方面来探索列宁文化理论的具体内容,找出支撑列宁文化理论的内在骨骼,发掘出其中蕴含的基本原理。具体来讲,本文从纵向历史演进的角度探寻了列宁文化理论的发展脉络,勾画以马克思、恩格斯关于文化理论的论述及其俄国历史文化传统为逻辑渊源的,阶段性与连续性相统一的发展轨迹。从横向内容发展的角度就列宁文化理论的本质、结构、原则、功能、地位和价值进行剖析和探讨,既提炼出那些至今仍有启迪作用的方法论原则和哲理,又突出强调该理论的主旨。按照这一研究思路,本文主要从列宁文化理论形成和发展的历史条件、发展历程、内容体系、历史地位及当代启示这五个方面对列宁文化理论进行系统梳理和全面挖掘。列宁文化理论的产生和发展与其他理论一样,既有其形成与发展的主观因素,也离不开其赖以支撑的客观条件,它并不是无源之水、无本之木,而是在多重社会历史因素的共同作用下逐步形成和发展的。在纵向的历史演进角度,帝国主义时代变化的世界历史格局引领了列宁文化理论与时俱进的实践品格；在社会实践发展的角度,批判反马克思主义错误思潮、指导俄国革命和社会主义建设的现实需要是列宁文化理论发展的强劲动力；在理论渊源联系的角度,马克思主义及其文化理论以及俄国国内文化传统积淀是列宁文化理论的思想源泉；在主体性价值发挥的角度,坚定的马克思主义信念、优化的知识结构、勇于批判的精神、广泛的兴趣爱好、自觉的文化意识是列宁文化理论形成和发展的深层内部因素。主客观条件的相互作用昭示了列宁文化理论产生的历史必然性。列宁文化理论作为一个动态的形成和发展过程,根据历史与逻辑的统一、理论与实践的统一原则,可以把列宁文化理论的发展轨迹归纳为探索期、形成期、深化期和进一步发展期四个阶段。其中,1893年至1903年列宁在俄国文化领域拨乱反正,在与民粹主义文化论战中初步探索提出列宁文化理论的基本观点,为后来进一步探讨列宁文化理论奠定了基础；1903年10月至1917年10月列宁在俄国革命斗争发展起伏跌宕转折时期,围绕民族主义文化问题阐明了民族文化一般与特殊的唯物主义发展规律,逐步形成了关于民族文化、文化领导权等比较明确的理论体系,这一阶段列宁文化理论开始形成；1917年11月至1922年11月列宁在布尔什维克政党的新时期,从建设任务、建设原则、建设主体以及如何发展社会主义文化等方面全面推进列宁文化理论的发展；1922年12月至1923年列宁在生命最后时刻,从内容上和逻辑上继续发展了关于经济文化落后国家建设社会主义文化的一系列理论和观点,深入推进列宁文化理论的发展。作为一名马克思主义者,列宁在马克思主义民族化的伟大实践中,在列宁文化理论形成和发展的进程中,形成了内容丰富、特色独具的文化理论体系。列宁集中围绕着文化本体论、文化实践论和文化具体论三个层面对文化理论基本问题进行了科学探索和理性回答。其中,关于文化本体论,列宁主要从文化发生发展的条件、本质内涵、基本特征和结构功能四个方面突出强调文化的地位和价值。针对文化产生的条件,列宁强调文化离不开社会主义实践；针对文化内涵本质,列宁认为文化是个内涵丰富的概念,把文化内涵上升到注重从心理、习俗或民族习惯的高度来分析解决问题；针对文化结构,列宁认为文化是个完整的整体；针对文化功能,列宁突出强调文化具有认知和凝聚的价值和功能；针对文化特征,列宁认为文化具有继承性、阶级性、批判性等特征。关于文化实践论,列宁主要从文化建设任务、文化建设原则和文化建设主体三个层面阐述文化理论的基础性内容。针对文化建设任务,列宁强调文化的建设任务是启发无产阶级自觉意识、保证社会主义建设的顺利进行和培育全面发展的一代新人。针对文化建设原则,列宁着重突出解放思想是文化发展的基本原则,理论联系实际是文化发展的根本原则。针对文化建设主体,列宁要求既要以人民群众为根本力量,以党的领导为核心力量,又要以知识分子作为骨干力量来推动社会主义文化建设。关于文化具体理论,列宁根据理论与实际相结合的原则创造性地提出资本主义文化论、文化遗产论、俄国文化阻力论、文化领导权论和文化革命论。针对资本主义文化论,列宁阐述了什么是资本主义文化以及如何对待资本主义文化,把关于资本主义文化观点建立在科学的基础上。他突出强调资本主义文化产生的历史必然性和资本主义文化的价值和功能,并要求以辩证批判地态度对待资本主义文化。资本主义文化作为一种巨大文化力量,既具有正面的积极的推动价值,又具有消极落后的滞后作用。针对文化遗产论,列宁着重突出一般文化遗产内涵和原则以及批判继承文学遗产和资本主义文化遗产的具体内容,丰富发展了马克思主义文化理论。针对俄国文化阻力论,列宁突出强调村社文化、大俄罗斯沙文主义、奥勃洛摩夫精神和法治精神缺失是阻碍文化发展的主要阻力。针对文化领导权论,列宁集中从文化领导权本质、文化领导权作用和制度建设三个层面阐述文化领导权价值和内涵,既强调了文化是党的事业的一部分,又充分重视这一部分的重要性,为巩固社会主义成果奠定了坚实的理论基础。针对文化革命论,列宁着重要求根据俄国大众的文化困境,突出强调文化革命的重要意义的基础上实施一系列提高群众文化素质的途径和措施,既反映了社会主义发展的规律,又突出了文化建设的特殊性,为无产阶级文化建设指明了方向。列宁文化理论虽然是在20世纪的广阔历史背景下形成和发展的,但它的思想主旨不是面向昨天,而是面向当代,面向未来,面向社会主义文化建设的迫切问题,因此,它具有重大的理论意义和实践价值,我们要将它放到当今时代的历史背景上去,用世界历史的巨大天平衡量列宁文化理论的巨大意义。它开创了马克思主义文化理论的新境界,为马克思主义文化理论走向多样化、现代化和全球化提供了巨大的活力,为苏联的社会主义文化建设顺利开展奠定了理论基础,为当代中国改革开放和当代中国文化强国战略提供了重要的理论参考。但与此同时,由于受历史和时代条件的影响和制约,列宁文化理论也存在一些缺憾和不足,也有一些表述和理论不是那么完美和全面。但瑕不掩瑜,涉层者得浮萍,涉浅水者得鱼虾,涉深水者得蛟龙,我们应该辩证地看待列宁文化理论。它的历史局限性连同它的历史贡献如同一枚硬币的两面,恰恰从正反两个方面为马克思主义文化理论的深化发展提供了有益的启示和借鉴。我们应该深入把握列宁文化理论脉搏,真正把握其中具有永久魅力的思想蛟龙,为我们探寻中国特色社会主义文化建设提供新观念和新思维。
[Abstract]:This article makes a systematic study of Lenin's cultural theory. As an encyclopedia character, Lenin always put culture on the strategic position of the future and destiny of the country. On the basis of actively drawing on the essence of Marx, Engels and other Marx's cultural theories, it follows the pace of the times and combines the Russian specific leaders. The domain is constantly mastering and innovating Marx's doctrine, neither firmly nor blind and new. Along the direction of Marx's doctrine, the theory of creative culture is constantly developed with great theoretical courage and realistic spirit, and on the basis of a series of new issues arising from the analysis and settlement of the Russian society under the conditions of imperialism, a series of new topics have been put forward. The series of new theories and ideas, which have come down in one continuous line with Marx and Engels, and are rooted in the diversity of Russian conditions, gradually develop into a set of scientific Lenin cultural theories that have unique Russian characteristics and embodying the essence of the times. This is also one of the most prosperous growth points of Marx in the present era. The deep excavation and systematic combing of Lenin's thought will not only help us to dig out the theoretical connotation of Marx's doctrine, but also help to create the modern theory of Marx doctrine rich in the atmosphere of the times.
To study Lenin's cultural theory, we should not only put it in the historical perspective, but put it in the overall pattern of world history in the era of imperialism in twentieth Century, put it in the special national conditions of Russia, and put it in the tortuous historical picture of the road of socialist construction. Facing the socialist reform, facing the great development and prosperity of socialist culture and facing the wave of modern globalization, only in this way can we deeply understand the different choices made by Lenin in different historical stages and the internal contradictions of different attempts, so as to grasp the pulse of the whole times and the deep structure of Lenin thought, history, reality, and birth. In order to clearly outline the historical evolution of the theory and the development of the horizontal content, can we extract the connotation of thought and the essence of theory in the breadth and depth so as to clarify how it is and how to support the thought of a theoretical system so as to develop Lenin's cultural theory creatively. The basic principles and development trends of socialist cultural construction are explored from a strategically advantageous position. Therefore, this article focuses on the exploration of the specific content of Lenin's cultural theory from two aspects of the longitudinal dimension and the lateral dimension, finding out the internal skeleton supporting Lenin's cultural theory and excavating the basic principles contained in it. In particular, this article is from the longitudinal calendar. In the perspective of historical evolution, the development of Lenin's cultural theory is explored, and the development track of the development of Marx, Engels's exposition of cultural theory and the logical origin of Russian historical and cultural traditions and the unity of phase and continuity is outlined. From the perspective of lateral content development, the essence, structure, principle, function and status of Lenin's cultural theory are discussed. In this paper, the five aspects of the formation and development of Lenin's cultural theory, the course of development, the system of content, the status of the history and the Enlightenment of the contemporary era are discussed. The theory of Ningxia culture is systematically combed and fully excavated.
The emergence and development of Lenin's cultural theory, like other theories, not only have subjective factors of its formation and development, but also inseparable from the objective conditions on which it is supported. It is not a passive water and a tree, but gradually formed and developed under the joint action of multiple social and historical factors. In the vertical historical evolution, imperialism The world historical pattern of the change of the times leads the practice character of Lenin's cultural theory with the times; in the perspective of social practice, it is the strong dynamic force of the development of Lenin's cultural theory to criticize the wrong trend of thought of anti Marx doctrine, to guide the realistic needs of the Russian revolution and the socialist construction; and in the angle of the relationship between the theoretical origin, Marx It is the source of Lenin's cultural theory. In the perspective of the subjective value, the firm Marx doctrine, the optimized knowledge structure, the spirit of criticism, a wide range of interests, and the conscious cultural consciousness are the deep inside of the formation and development of Lenin's cultural theory. The interaction between subjective factors and objective factors shows the historical inevitability of Lenin's cultural theory.
As a dynamic process of formation and development, Lenin's cultural theory, according to the unification of history and logic, and the unified principle of theory and practice, can induce the development of Lenin's cultural theory into four stages of exploration, formation, deepening and further development. Among them, Lenin in the field of Russian culture from 1893 to 1903 The basic point of view of Lenin's cultural theory was preliminarily explored in the war with populism, which laid the foundation for further discussion of Lenin's cultural theory. From October 1903 to October 1917, Lenin expounded the general and special national culture in the period of the development of the revolutionary struggle in Russia. The law of the development of materialism has gradually formed a relatively clear theoretical system about national culture, cultural leadership and so on. Lenin's cultural theory began to form in this stage. In the new period of Bull J Vic's political party from November 1917 to November 1922, Lenin built the principles, the main body and the development of socialism from the construction task. Culture and other aspects comprehensively promote the development of Lenin's cultural theory. From December 1922 to 1923, Lenin continued to develop a series of theories and views on the construction of socialist culture behind the backward countries and the development of the theory of Lenin in the last moment of life in content and logic.
As a Marx, Lenin, in the great practice of nationalization of Marx's nationalism, has formed a cultural theory system with rich content and unique characteristics in the process of the formation and development of Lenin's cultural theory. Lenin concentrates on the basic problems of cultural theory around three layers of cultural ontology, cultural practice theory and cultural concrete theory. On the basis of cultural ontology, Lenin mainly emphasizes the status and value of culture from four aspects of cultural development conditions, essential connotation, basic features and structural functions. In view of the conditions produced by culture, Lenin emphasizes that culture is inseparable from socialist practice, and the essence of cultural connotation is the essence of culture, Lenin thinks that culture is a concept of rich connotation, which raises cultural connotations to focus on solving problems from the height of psychology, custom or national habit. In view of cultural structure, Lenin believes that culture is a complete whole. In view of cultural functions, Lenin emphasizes the value and function of culture with cognitive and cohesive culture. Characteristics, Lenin believes that culture is inheriting, class and critical. On cultural practice, Lenin mainly expounds the basic content of cultural theory from three aspects of cultural construction task, cultural construction principle and cultural construction subject. In view of the task of cultural construction, the construction task of Ningqiang culture is to enlighten the proletariat consciousness. Consciousness, ensuring the smooth progress of socialist construction and cultivating a new generation of all-round development. In view of the principles of cultural construction, Lenin emphasizes that emancipating the mind is the basic principle of cultural development. Theory and practice are the fundamental principles of cultural development. In view of the main body of cultural construction, Lenin requires both the people as the fundamental force and the party to the party. The leadership is the core strength and the intellectual as the backbone to promote the construction of socialist culture. On the concrete theory of culture, Lenin creatively put forward the theory of capitalist culture, the theory of cultural heritage, the theory of cultural resistance, the theory of cultural leadership and the theory of Cultural Revolution. On the basis of the cultural theory of righteousness, Lenin explained what is capitalist culture and how to treat the capitalist culture. On the basis of science, he emphasizes the historical inevitability of the capitalist culture and the value and function of the capitalist culture, and requires a dialectical and critical attitude towards the owner of the capital. As a great cultural force, the capitalist culture, as a great cultural force, not only has positive positive driving value, but also has a backward and backward lag effect. In view of the theory of cultural heritage, Lenin emphasizes the connotation and principles of the general cultural heritage, and criticizes the concrete content of inheriting the literary and capitalistic cultural heritage, and enriches the development of the cultural heritage. Marx's theory of culture. In view of the theory of Russian cultural resistance, Lenin emphasizes village culture, Russia's chauvinism, and the lack of the spirit of O Bo Lo Mo J and the spirit of the rule of law is the main resistance to the development of culture. In view of the theory of cultural leadership, Lenin concentrates on the three layers of the essence of cultural leadership, the role of cultural leadership and the construction of the system. It expounds the value and connotation of cultural leadership, which emphasizes that culture is part of the party's cause, and pays full attention to the importance of this part, and lays a solid theoretical foundation for consolidating the socialist achievements. In view of the cultural revolution, Lenin emphasizes the importance of the cultural revolution in accordance with the cultural dilemma of the Russian masses. On the basis of the implementation of a series of ways and measures to improve the cultural quality of the masses, it not only reflects the law of the development of socialism, but also highlights the particularity of cultural construction, and points out the direction for the proletariat cultural construction.
Although Lenin's cultural theory is formed and developed in the broad historical background of twentieth Century, its main idea is not to be oriented to yesterday, but to face the urgent problems of contemporary, future oriented and socialist cultural construction. Therefore, it has great theoretical significance and practical value, and we should put it in the historical back of the present era. The great significance of Lenin's cultural theory is measured by the great balance of world history. It creates a new realm of Marx's cultural theory, provides a great vitality for the diversification, modernization and globalization of Marx's cultural theory, and lays a theoretical foundation for the smooth development of the socialist cultural construction of the Soviet Union. The reform and opening up of contemporary China and the strategy of contemporary Chinese cultural power provide important theoretical reference. But at the same time, because of the influence and restriction of history and times, Lenin's cultural theory also has some shortcomings and shortcomings, and some expressions and theories are not so perfect and comprehensive. We should treat Lenin's cultural theory dialectically. Its historical limitations, together with its historical contribution as two sides of a coin, provide useful inspiration and reference for the deepening and development of Marx's cultural theory from the two aspects of the positive and negative aspects. We should deeply grasp the Lenin culture. The theoretical pulse really grasps the charming dragon of thought, which provides new ideas and new thinking for us to explore the construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A821

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