马克思恩格斯关于农民问题的思想研究

发布时间：2018-07-05 14:34

本文选题：马克思 + 恩格斯　；参考：《天津商业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：马克思、恩格斯关于农民问题的思想是马克思主义理论体系中的重要组成部分,它为东西方国家解决本国的农民问题提供理论上的指导。马克思、恩格斯身处资本的原始积累以及城乡矛盾不断激化的时代背景下,开始关注农民问题。最初,马克思、恩格斯未意识到农民的革命性,但通过对西方各国农民处境的考察以及对革命的失败进行经验总结后,马克思、恩格斯意识到农民对无产阶级革命的重要作用,对其认识发生深刻的转变。在正确认识农民的社会地位及对社会主义运动的作用后,马克思、恩格斯对农民问题进行深入的研究,并形成了丰富的农民问题思想,即关于农民的地位与作用的思想,马克思、恩格斯认为农民是利用劳动工具进行自给自足的生产活动的人,并将其划分为大农、中农、小农、农业工人这四个层次。马克思、恩格斯对农民的地位和作用进行分析,发现农民在经济社会发展中具有基础性的地位和作用,在政治方面虽有一定的革命性但政治地位极低;对小农进行改造的思想,马克思、恩格斯认为小农无论是在生产中还是在革命中都具有一定的局限性,这将严重阻碍小农自身的发展,因此他们提出要对小农进行改造。马克思、恩格斯坚持自愿与示范相结合的原则,分别从农业生产方式、文化教育以及工农业联合等方面开展对占人口大多数的小农进行改造;工农联盟思想,马克思、恩格斯从无产阶级革命失败的经验中发现农民对革命的重要作用,提出工农联盟的思想,并从工人阶级的来源、工人与农民共同的利益追求出发阐述工农联盟建立的可能性。马克思、恩格斯认为要想建立工农联盟,首先必须要建立无产阶级专政的国家以及确立无产阶级的领导地位。其次要在工农联盟中尊重和保障农民的利益,以此来维护工农联盟的稳定;东方农民问题的思想,马克思、恩格斯在经历资本主义经济萧条、世界无产阶级革命形势变化之后,将视野转向东方,开始研究东方农民问题。马克思、恩格斯认为东方农民问题的核心是土地问题,要想改变东方农民的被压迫、剥削的处境,就要从土地改革、改变被剥削状态、争取民族独立等方面入手,解决东方农民问题。马克思、恩格斯的农民思想遵循社会历史的发展规律,对于解决我国当前面临的农民问题具有一定的启示意义,主要包括三个方面:第一,要解决农民问题,要改变农民长期处于社会的最底层的状态,提升农民的地位,重视和保护农民;第二,农民本身存在局限性、落后性导致自身贫困,因此要积极引导农民,帮助农民进行生产、教育方面的改造;第三,要解决农民问题必须走合作化的道路,建立新型农业合作组织。
[Abstract]:Marx and Engels' thought on peasant problem is an important part of Marxist theoretical system, which provides theoretical guidance for the eastern and western countries to solve their peasant problems. Marx and Engels began to pay attention to the problem of farmers under the background of the primitive accumulation of capital and the intensification of the contradiction between urban and rural areas. At first, Marx and Engels did not realize the revolutionary role of peasants. However, after examining the situation of farmers in western countries and summing up their experiences on the failure of the revolution, Marx and Engels realized the important role of peasants in the proletarian revolution. A profound change has taken place in his understanding of it. After the correct understanding of the social status of peasants and their role in the socialist movement, Marx and Engels made a thorough study of the peasants' problems, and formed a rich thought on peasants' problems, that is, on the status and role of peasants. Marx and Engels thought that farmers were the people who used labor tools to carry out self-sufficient production activities, and they were divided into four levels: large, middle, small and agricultural workers. Marx and Engels analyzed the status and role of peasants, and found that peasants have a basic position and role in economic and social development, although they are revolutionary in politics, but their political status is extremely low. Marx and Engels believe that smallholder farmers have certain limitations in production or revolution, which will seriously hinder the development of small farmers themselves, so they propose to reform smallholder farmers. Marx and Engels adhere to the principle of combining voluntary and exemplary methods of production, culture and education, as well as industrial and agricultural union to reform the majority of the population of small farmers; the idea of the alliance of workers and peasants, Marx, Engels found the important role of the peasants in the revolution from the experience of the failure of the proletarian revolution, put forward the thought of the worker-peasant alliance, and expounded the possibility of the establishment of the worker-peasant alliance from the source of the working class and the pursuit of the common interests of the workers and the peasants. Marx and Engels thought that in order to establish the alliance of workers and peasants, we must establish the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the leading position of the proletariat. Secondly, it is necessary to respect and safeguard the interests of the peasants in the worker-peasant alliance in order to safeguard the stability of the worker-peasant alliance. After the capitalist economic depression and the changes in the world proletarian revolutionary situation, Marx and Engels have experienced the thinking of the eastern peasants. Turn to the east and begin to study the problem of peasants in the east. Marx and Engels believe that the core of the eastern peasant problem is the land issue. If we want to change the situation of the eastern peasants being oppressed and exploited, we must start from the aspects of land reform, changing the state of exploitation, and striving for national independence. Solve the problem of peasants in the east. Marx and Engels' farmer thought follows the law of social and historical development. It has certain enlightenment significance to solve the peasant problem that our country faces at present. It mainly includes three aspects: first, to solve the peasant problem, It is necessary to change the status of farmers at the bottom of society for a long time, enhance their status, attach importance to and protect peasants; second, farmers have their own limitations and backwardness leads to their own poverty. Therefore, we should actively guide farmers and help them to carry out production. Third, to solve the problem of farmers, we must take the road of co-operative and establish a new agricultural cooperative organization.
【学位授予单位】：天津商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：A84;D420

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