新中国成立前后毛泽东对资本主义的认识

发布时间：2018-08-11 18:34

【摘要】：新中国成立前,资本主义在中国存在着三种形态,即官僚资本主义、民族资本主义和帝国主义在华经济。区别认识和对待这三种形态是毛泽东对资本主义认识当中的重要部分。毛泽东在认识官僚资本的时候往往是与国民党政权联系在一起的,即官僚资本是国民党政权控制全国经济的主要手段,是压榨人民的工具,国民党政权又是官僚资本得以存在的政治和军事凭借。官僚资本主义是中共领导的新民主主义革命要推翻的对象,在毛泽东眼里它从一个经济符号变成了一个政治符号。毛泽东认为官僚资本主义是“最反动”、“最落后”的,中共要想推翻国民党的政权,就必须要打倒官僚资本主义。建国以后,中共采取了一系列措施改造和没收官僚资本主义,将其改造为社会主义国营经济,并在国民经济中占据主导地位,这样中共便在经济上开始领导中国。在对待民族资本主义的问题上,毛泽东主张政治上要团结民族资产阶级。虽然民族资产阶级是“软弱的、动摇的”,但他们与官僚资产阶级不同,他们是可以在革命过程中参加或保持中立的。他们是“人民大众”的一部分,民主革命的完成需要民族资产阶级的参加。在新中国的政权中,毛泽东主张要有资产阶级的代表参加。新中国成立后的土地改革,镇压反革命,抗美援朝等运动中也都有资产阶级的身影。在经济上,由于中国经济的落后性,毛泽东主张在革命胜利后的相当长的一个时期内要允许私人资本主义的存在和发展,但是其存在和发展是受到国家政策和计划的限制的。这样做既有利于国民经济的恢复和发展,也有利于中共掌控全国的经济秩序。同时,毛泽东也看到了新中国必然会存在着和资本主义之间的限制和反限制斗争,建国以后开展的三反、五反运动都把斗争的矛头指向了资产阶级。虽然在这场运动中产生了一些不好的影响,但运动的目的基本达到了。在思想上,毛泽东坚决主张要从思想上改造社会,用爱国主义和共同纲领改造资产阶级的那些坏思想。同时,在改造思想的运动中也产生了一些不好的甚至长远的坏的影响。在毛泽东的眼里,资本主义世界存在着种种矛盾,是极端腐败,濒于灭亡的。在如何对待外国资本主义的问题上,毛泽东强调,中国人民要想真正独立,就要清除帝国主义在中国的特权,没收帝国主义的在华经济。虽然在新中国成立后,以美国为首的资本主义国家对新中国采取封锁、威胁等手段,毛泽东也不排斥和资本主义国家建立外交关系,开展通商事业。毛泽东之所以会对资本主义产生这样的认识和做法,有着诸多的原因,其中毛泽东个人的因素起着重要的作用。毛泽东个人成长的局限性使他对资本主义认识不够全面,加上对社会主义意识形态的强烈认同,难免会对资本主义产生一些错误认识。毛泽东对新民主主义社会的认识直接影响着资本主义在中国的命运。在毛泽东个人之外也有着诸多的因素影响着他对资本主义的认识。民主革命的完成和国民经济的恢复使毛泽东暂时采取允许资本主义存在的政策。民族资产阶级对中共的支持,也促使毛泽东对资本主义产生了比较正确的认识。然而1953年以后,国内形势的好转刺激了毛泽东的社会主义理想。这时的新中国又处在社会主义阵营中,面对着资本主义阵营的威胁和封锁,唯一的援助者苏联的社会主义模式必然要对新中国的建设产生重大的影响。再加上,历史上资本主义国家对中国的侵略和压迫所激发出来的民族情感等等。这些因素都影响着毛泽东对资本主义的认识,并促使他由利用限制资本主义走上了改造资本主义的道路。
[Abstract]:Before the founding of New China, there were three forms of capitalism in China, namely bureaucratic capitalism, national capitalism and imperialist economy.
When Mao Zedong understood the bureaucratic capital, it was often associated with the Kuomintang regime, that is, bureaucratic capital was the main means of the Kuomintang regime to control the national economy and the tool to squeeze the people, and the Kuomintang regime was the political and military support for the existence of bureaucratic capital. Mao Zedong thought that bureaucratic capitalism was "the most reactionary" and "the most backward". If the CPC wanted to overthrow the Kuomintang regime, it must overthrow bureaucratic capitalism. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the CPC took a series of measures to reform and confiscate it. Bureaucratic capitalism transformed it into a socialist state-owned economy and dominated the national economy so that the Communist Party of China began to lead China economically.
Mao Zedong advocated the political unity of the national bourgeoisie in dealing with the problem of national capitalism. Although the national bourgeoisie is "weak and wavering", they are different from the bureaucratic bourgeoisie in that they can participate in or remain neutral in the course of the revolution. They are part of the "masses of the people" and the completion of the Democratic revolution. In the new China regime, Mao Zedong advocated the participation of the bourgeoisie. In the movement of land reform after the founding of New China, suppression of counter-revolutionaries, resistance to the United States and assistance to the DPRK, the bourgeoisie also appeared. In economy, because of the backwardness of China's economy, Mao Zedong advocated the post-revolutionary phase. Private capitalism should be allowed to exist and develop for a long period of time, but its existence and development are limited by state policies and plans. This will not only benefit the recovery and development of the national economy, but also help the Communist Party of China to control the national economic order. The struggle of restriction and counter-restriction between doctrines, the three evils launched after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the Five Anti-revolutionary movements all pointed their spears at the bourgeoisie. Although they had some bad effects on the movement, the purpose of the movement was basically achieved. In thought, Mao Zedong insisted on ideological transformation of society, patriotism and common purpose. At the same time, in the movement of reforming ideas, some bad or even long-term bad effects have been produced.
In Mao Zedong's eyes, there are various contradictions in the capitalist world, which are extremely corrupt and on the verge of extinction. On the question of how to treat foreign capitalism, Mao Zedong emphasized that if the Chinese people want to be truly independent, they must remove the imperialist privileges in China and confiscate the imperialist economy in China. The capitalist countries headed by the state adopted blockade and threats against the new China. Mao Zedong did not exclude the establishment of diplomatic relations with the capitalist countries and the development of trade undertakings.
There are many reasons for Mao Zedong's understanding and practice of capitalism, among which Mao Zedong's personal factors play an important role. The limitations of Mao Zedong's personal growth make his understanding of capitalism incomplete, and his strong recognition of socialist ideology inevitably lead to some capitalism. Mao Zedong's understanding of the new democratic society has a direct impact on the fate of capitalism in China. Besides Mao Zedong himself, there are many factors affecting his understanding of capitalism. The completion of the democratic revolution and the restoration of the national economy made Mao Zedong temporarily adopt the policy of allowing capitalism to exist. The support of the bourgeoisie for the Communist Party also prompted Mao Zedong to have a more correct understanding of capitalism. However, after 1953, the improvement of the domestic situation stimulated Mao Zedong's socialist ideals. The socialist model is bound to exert a great influence on the construction of New China. In addition, the national sentiments aroused by the aggression and oppression of capitalist countries in history have influenced Mao Zedong's understanding of capitalism and promoted him to transform capitalism from capitalism by restricting its use. Road.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：A841

【参考文献】