主体与结构—马克思社会形态演进动力论研究

发布时间：2018-09-05 21:13

【摘要】：研究的逻辑起点是对核心概念的界定。本研究在层层廓清“社会形态演进动力”这一核心概念的基础上,深入分析马克思社会形态演进动力论的建构背景及其思想渊源,概括出科学主义和人道主义的时代精神对马克思社会形态演进动力论造成的潜在影响。在这个基础上,运用解释学和新文化史学的研究方法,提炼出马克思社会形态演进动力论是由生产力主导的“结构性动力”和由主体实践主导的“主体性动力”两种动力形式构成。社会形态演进的“结构性动力”是马克思在进化论以及历史主义等思想影响下,对生产力和生产关系、经济基础和上层建筑之间的结构性矛盾推动社会形态演进的动力描叙。但在“结构性动力”推动下,实践主体无意间被裹挟在宏大的历史演进洪流之中,呈现出一种失语和遮蔽状态,从而使社会历史演进变成一种无主体的机械过程；社会形态演进的“主体性动力”则是把主体能动性看做推动社会历史演进的力量,在主体实践作用下,社会历史形态遵循一定的规律不断演进。在阶级社会中,这种推动社会形态历史演进的“主体性动力”表现为阶级斗争。“结构性动力”和“主体性动力”之间存在一种自由与“定在”、能动与规律以及隐性与显性为表征的内在张力。这种张力是科学主义和人本主义的时代精神之间悖结之反映,是价值理性和工具理性彼此矛盾的外在体现。张力的存在导致一百多年来国际共产主义运动史上的无休止论争。这些论争从总体上可以分为“决定论”和“主体论”两个倾向。前者以科学主义姿态把社会历史发展看作是一种由生产力推动的客观规律性过程；后者重视对马克思思想中的辩证因素的挖掘,从而间接认定社会历史变迁的动力来自于主体能动性。本研究在分析这种张力产生的根源及其精神实质的基础上,参照国际共产主义运动中产生的认识分歧,以期建构一种“新主体论”基础上的社会形态演进动力论。即从实践主体出发,在马克思人性论的基础上重新思考“主体”和“结构”之间的关系。通过对马克思的人性论分析,认为在人类“体验”欲求的推动下,在“生活世界”的母体上,复杂的“人性束”通过“强化”或“学习”的实践机制,实现了从静态人性到动态社会形态的演化,从而实现个体人性和社会结构之间的关系重构。这种重构是对马克思社会形态演进的“结构性动力”和“主体性动力”二元动力论张力的弥合,力图打造的是社会形态演进动力论的3.0版。
[Abstract]:The logical starting point of the research is the definition of the core concept. On the basis of clarifying the core concept of "the motive force of the evolution of social form", this study deeply analyzes the background and ideological origin of Marx's theory of the motive force of the evolution of social formation. This paper summarizes the potential influence of scientism and humanitarianism on Marx's theory of social evolution. On this basis, using hermeneutics and new cultural historiography research methods, The evolution motive theory of Marx's social form is composed of two kinds of dynamic forms: "structural power" dominated by productive forces and "subjective motive force" led by subject practice. Under the influence of evolution theory and historicism, Marx describes the structural contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, economic base and superstructure to promote the evolution of social formation. However, under the impetus of "structural power", the subject of practice is inadvertently trapped in a huge historical evolution torrent, showing a state of aphasia and obscurity, thus making the evolution of social history into a mechanical process without subject. The "subjective motive force" of the evolution of the social form is to regard the subject's initiative as the power to promote the social and historical evolution. Under the action of the subject's practice, the social and historical form follows a certain law of continuous evolution. In class society, class struggle is the main motive force to promote the historical evolution of social formation. There is a kind of internal tension between "structural power" and "subjective power", which is characterized by freedom and certainty, dynamic and regular, and recessive and explicit. This tension is the reflection of the contradiction between scientism and humanism and the contradiction between value reason and instrumental reason. The existence of tension has led to endless debates in the history of the international communist movement for more than one hundred years. These arguments can be divided into two tendencies: determinism and subjectivity. The former regards social and historical development as an objective and regular process driven by productive forces, while the latter attaches importance to excavating the dialectical factors in Marx's thought. Thus indirectly the motive force of social and historical change comes from the subject's initiative. On the basis of analyzing the origin of this kind of tension and its spiritual essence, this study refers to the differences of understanding in the international communist movement in order to construct a dynamic theory of the evolution of social formation based on the "new subject theory". Starting from the subject of practice and on the basis of Marx's theory of human nature, the relationship between "subject" and "structure" is reconsidered. Through the analysis of Marx's theory of human nature, the author holds that the complex "human nature bundle" is through the practical mechanism of "strengthening" or "learning" on the basis of the desire of human "experience" and the mother body of "life world". It realizes the evolution from static human nature to dynamic social form, thus reconstructing the relationship between individual human nature and social structure. This kind of reconstruction is to bridge the tension of the "structural motive force" and "subjective motive force" of Marx's social evolution, and try to create the 3.0 edition of the dynamic theory of social formation evolution.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A811

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