论《共产党宣言》中空间批判与空间革命理论

发布时间：2018-09-17 20:37

【摘要】：并不是因为英国思想家大卫·哈维构建“历史—地理唯物主义”（historical—geographical materialism），马克思主义者们才去“发现”空间是唯物主义历史观的一个重要范畴。事实是，在马克思主义诞生以来，马克思主义者们有意无意地忽视了马克思、恩格斯的洞见（包括马克思、恩格斯本人），没有将空间作为一个独立的、直接的范畴表述出来。也就是说，当前的理论界关注马克思主义中的空间理论，只是将马克思、恩格斯“隐含的理论”转述为“显现的理论”。这样说的目的是要解决两个问题，问题一，将空间理论与马克思主义原理结合是否存在强行植入的嫌疑？也就说，空间理论是否是马克思主义理论体系中的“盲区”？问题二，马克思主义理论是否过时？也就是说，在西方理论界“空间转向”的时代背景下，马克思主义理论能否应对西方话语权的挑战？马克思主义的空间理论是关于空间批判与空间革命的理论。所谓的空间批判就是站在马克思主义的立场，以空间的视角来观测资本主义社会发展的历史规律，揭示资本主义空间生产的侵略本质、制造差距本质和异化本质。所谓的空间革命就是将资本主义进行的空间侵略、制造的空间差异、形成的空间异化作为自己的革命内容，利用空间技术的便利条件、根据时代的需要以及从工人阶级的共同利益为出发，有策略地、分步骤地实现无产阶级革命目的的运动。全文由引言、正文和结论构成。全文以引言开篇，阐述了研究马克思主义空间理论的缘由以及为何将自己的理论探讨聚焦在《共产党宣言》这部作品中。同时，梳理了当前空间理论发展的几个方向、列举了几个关注热点。接着探讨了整部论文的基本思路、方法和创新之处。正文由三个部分组成：第一部分论述的核心命题是，资本主义的发展史是一件空间事件。其主要讨论问题就是资本主义的发展与空间生产之间的关系。本文试图在资本主义历史发展的时间逻辑下呈现出一条资本主义的空间发展史脉络。我们认为，早期资产阶级所进行的“圈地运动”实则是一场空间的运动；在论述资产阶级进入自由资本主义阶段时，我们发现马克思的剩余价值理论是在时间逻辑下推演的结论，如果将此应用于空间逻辑下，则能创造性地揭示资产阶级进行空间剩余价值生产的内幕；垄断资本主义阶段，资产阶级实现了“空间垄断”，垄断的对象已经超越了自然空间，走向深层次的社会空间和精神空间。本部分的第二层次，我们立足于《宣言》，评判了资本主义空间生产的历史进步性和局限性。我们说，马克思、恩格斯并不是没有看到资产阶级登上历史舞台带给世界的变化，他们毫不吝啬地肯定了资产阶级所创造的巨大的空间生产力、带来的空间技术革命、促成了世界市场的形成和证明了人的空间力量，但是他们也一针见血地、指名道姓地痛斥资产阶级所犯下的滔天罪行。第二部分的核心命题是，对资本主义空间生产的批判。我们认为，马克思、恩格斯在《宣言》中重点从三个方面对资本主义制度进行了批判，即进行空间侵略、制造空间差距、形成空间异化。资产阶级所进行的空间侵略形式经由诸如海外殖民式的空间侵略转而为全方位的经济、政治和文化上更为隐秘的空间侵略；在马克思、恩格斯那里，共产主义社会以前的奴隶社会、封建社会和资本主义社会的共同特征就是制造差距，在资本主义社会中，这种差距更加直接地表现为空间差距。资产阶级使东方屈从于西方、农村屈从于城市、工人阶级屈从于资产阶级；资产阶级犯下最恶劣的罪行就是造成了人的异化。在这里，人的生存空间与职业空间被颠倒了、人的发展空间与社会发展空间分离了、人类最后的私有财产——身体空间也被商品化、工具化，职业空间的单一，家庭空间的沦陷，这一切形同一个资本主义的监狱。第三部分的核心命题是，探讨空间革命的两层涵义、革命的条件、策略和目的。马克思一再强调，问题在于改变世界。马克思、恩格斯并没有一味地去唠叨，，也没有奢望和资产阶级去谈判。既然资产阶级以空间发家、用空间施压、维护自我的空间统治，我们就要以物质的力量反抗物质，用空间的方式打破资本主义社会的空间统治。“空间革命”的概念，马克思、恩格斯在《宣言》并没有直接的提出，但是这种隐含的革命形式，我们认为在马克思、恩格斯的斗争策略中是自觉的。因为，他们不仅解释了空间革命的两层涵义，而且深刻的分析了空间革命的条件，即空间技术的发展、世界历史的形成和共同利益。《宣言》中的空间革命并不盲从，它的策略是一个由“地方性的斗争汇合成全国性的斗争”发展到“汇合成阶级斗争”。《宣言》的目标亦是十分清晰，它初级目的是工人阶级的联合，终极目的是“工人没有祖国”的理想境界。结论是对本文核心观点的归纳和提升。首先十分肯定将空间理论合理地归属到马克思主义基本原理的范畴之内；其次，总结归纳了《共产党宣言》中的空间理论，再次证明了马克思主义理论是时代的理论、革命的理论；最后，批判资本主义制度，为实现共产主义革命，提供了一条理论上的“空间路径”。
[Abstract]:It is not because the British thinker David Harvey constructed "historical-geographical materialism" that Marxists "discovered" space as an important category of materialist historical view. The fact is that since the birth of Marxism, Marxists have consciously or unconsciously ignored it. The insights of Marx and Engels (including Marx and Engels himself) do not express space as an independent, direct category. That is to say, the current theoretical circles are concerned about the theory of space in Marxism, but only the "implicit theory" of Marx and Engels is reproduced as the "theory of manifestation". To solve two problems, one is whether there is a suspicion of forcible implantation of the combination of space theory and Marxist principles, that is, whether space theory is a "blind spot" in the Marxist theoretical system, the other is whether Marxist theory is outdated, that is, in the context of the "space turn" in the western theoretical circles. Can Marx theory answer the challenge of Western discourse power?
Marxist space theory is a theory about space criticism and space revolution.The so-called space criticism is to observe the historical law of the development of capitalist society from the perspective of space from the Marxist standpoint,reveal the aggressive nature of capitalist space production,and create the essence of gap and alienation.The so-called space revolution. The destiny is to take capitalism's space aggression, space difference and space alienation as its revolutionary content, make use of the convenient conditions of space technology, and realize the proletarian revolutionary aim strategically and step by step according to the needs of the times and the common interests of the working class.
The full text is composed of introduction, main body and conclusion.
The thesis begins with an introduction, explaining the reasons for the study of Marxist space theory and why it focuses its theoretical discussion on the work "Communist Manifesto". At the same time, it combs out several directions for the development of space theory and lists several hot spots of concern. Then it discusses the basic ideas, methods and innovations of the whole paper.
The main body consists of three parts:
The first part discusses the core proposition that the history of capitalism is a spatial event. Its main discussion is the relationship between the development of capitalism and spatial production. In fact, the "enclosure movement" carried out by the class B is a space movement; when discussing the bourgeoisie entering the stage of free capitalism, we find that Marx's theory of surplus value is a conclusion deduced from the logic of time. If this theory is applied to the logic of space, it can creatively reveal the bourgeoisie carrying out the surplus value of space. In the stage of monopoly capitalism, the bourgeoisie has realized the "space monopoly", and the object of monopoly has gone beyond the natural space to the deep social space and spiritual space. Kerth and Engels did not fail to see the changes that the bourgeoisie brought to the world on the stage of history. They affirmed without stint the huge space productivity created by the bourgeoisie and the space technological revolution brought about by it, which contributed to the formation of the world market and proved the power of human space. But they also pointed to the blood and pointed out the name of the people. Surname denounced the heinous crimes committed by the bourgeoisie.
The core proposition of the second part is the critique of capitalist space production. We think that Marx and Engels criticized the capitalist system in the Declaration from three aspects, that is, space aggression, creating space gap and forming space alienation. In Marx and Engels, the common feature of the slave society before communism, the feudal society and the capitalist society was to create gaps. In capitalist society, the gap was more directly manifested as space. The bourgeoisie subordinates the East to the West, the countryside to the cities, and the working class to the bourgeoisie; the worst crime committed by the bourgeoisie is the alienation of man. Here, man's living space and occupational space are reversed, man's development space is separated from social development space, and man's last private property is separated. Physical space has also been commercialized, instrumentalized, single occupational space, the fall of family space, all in the same capitalist prison.
Marx repeatedly stressed that the problem lies in changing the world. Marx and Engels did not just nag, nor did they expect to negotiate with the bourgeoisie. The concept of "space revolution" was not put forward directly by Marx and Engels in the Manifesto, but this implicit form of revolution, we believe, is self-conscious in the struggle strategy of Marx and Engels. They not only explained the two-tier meaning of space revolution, but also deeply analyzed the conditions of space revolution, that is, the development of space technology, the formation of world history and common interests. The goal of the Declaration is also very clear. Its primary purpose is the union of the working class and its ultimate goal is the ideal state of "workers have no motherland".
The conclusion is the induction and promotion of the core viewpoint of this paper. Firstly, it is very sure that the space theory should be reasonably attributed to the basic principles of Marxism. Secondly, it summarizes the space theory in the Communist Manifesto and proves again that the Marxist theory is the theory of the times and the theory of revolution. Finally, it criticizes the capitalists. The justice system provides a theoretical "spatial path" for the realization of Communist revolution.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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