马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的生态思想研究

发布时间：2019-03-20 12:37

【摘要】：19世纪,随着欧洲工业革命如火如荼地展开,资本主义得到迅速发展,由此带来了一系列问题,其中包括人类生存境遇窘迫、自然被疯狂掠夺、人与自然之间的平衡状态被打破,以及随之而来的严重危机。马克思出于对人的前途的关注和对现实状况的反思,在批判继承黑格尔观念化自然观和费尔巴哈感性直观化自然观的基础上萌发了自己的天才思想,建立起人与自然的对象性关系的视域,《1844年经济学哲学手稿》作为他的早期奠基之作,集中反映了他的这一思想进程。马克思将人与自然置于感性的、现实的视野中,认为二者处于一定的社会关系中,互为对象、互动共生。人的感性的实践活动由此体现为人的本质力量的对象化和对象的人化相统一的过程,亦即人的自然化和自然的人化过程。马克思用“劳动”概念贯穿其整个生态思想,他认为实现人与自然双向互动的中介正是人类的劳动,一旦中介发生异化,必将导致它所联结的两端原本和谐的关系被打破,造成二者之间出现对峙和难以跨越的鸿沟,从而引发生态问题。在资本主义私有制下,人的劳动成为异化劳动,人与自然之间的对象性关系也发生了异化。人片面地占有自己的生命,人的主体活动异化为人对自然的单向利用,资本对人与自然展开疯狂掠夺和破坏,导致人与自然双双陷入发展危机。要破除异化状态,恢复人与自然之间的感性温情,就必须消灭资本主义私有制,走向共产主义。只有这样,人才能重新获得生产、生活资料,物奴役人和自然的根基才得以彻底摧毁,人才得以全面占有自己的生命本质,成为自己的主人,自然才得以实现真正复活。共产主义是人与人、人与自然的矛盾的真正解决,是生态问题的解答。马克思关于人的本质和人与自然关系的思考,彰显出他对现实的人的生存状态的关怀。他在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的关于生态思想的相关论述体现出马克思哲学思想中有着深厚的生态底蕴,不仅为其具备生态思想正言,也丰富了其哲学内涵,从而为后继者开辟了新的文本研究维度,影响了生态学马克思主义的研究,除此之外,当前我国建设生态文明和解决全球性生态危机也能从中汲取理论指导。
[Abstract]:In the 19th century, with the rapid development of capitalism in Europe, with the industrial revolution in full swing, capitalism brought about a series of problems, including the plight of human beings and the natural frenzy of looting. The balance between man and nature was broken and followed by a serious crisis. Marx, out of his concern for the future of man and his reflection on the reality, began his genius thoughts on the basis of criticizing and inheriting Hegel's concept of nature and Feuerbach's perceptual visualization of nature. Establishing the visual field of the object relationship between man and nature, the manuscript of Economics and philosophy of 1844, as his early foundation work, focused on his thought process. Marx put man and nature in a perceptual, realistic vision, thinking that they are in a certain social relationship, mutual object, interactive symbiosis. Therefore, the perceptual practical activities of human beings are reflected in the process of the unity of the object and the object of the essential power of human beings, that is, the process of naturalization and humanization of human beings, that is, the process of naturalization and humanization of human beings. Marx used the concept of "labor" to run through his whole ecological thought. He believed that the intermediary to realize the two-way interaction between man and nature is human labor. Once the intermediary dissimilates, it will lead to the breaking of the original harmonious relationship between the two ends of its connection. Resulting in confrontation and difficult to cross the gap between the two, thus causing ecological problems. Under the capitalist private ownership, man's labor becomes alienated labor, and the object relationship between man and nature is also dissimilated. Human one-sided possession of their own life, the alienation of human activities for the one-way use of nature, capital to man and nature carried out frantic looting and destruction, resulting in both human and nature into a development crisis. In order to break the alienation state and restore the emotional warmth between man and nature, we must eliminate capitalist private ownership and move towards communism. Only in this way can man regain the production, the means of living, the enslavement of man and nature, and the full possession of the essence of his life and become his own master, and only then can nature be truly resurrected. Communism is the real solution to the contradiction between man and man, man and nature, and the answer to ecological problems. Marx's thinking about the nature of man and the relationship between man and nature shows his concern for the living state of human being. His exposition of ecological thought in the manuscript of Economics and philosophy of 1844 reflects the profound ecological connotation in Marx's philosophical thought, not only for the sake of ecological thought, but also for the enrichment of its philosophical connotation. As a result, it has opened up a new dimension of text research for successors and influenced the study of ecological Marxism. In addition, the construction of ecological civilization and the solution of global ecological crisis in China can also draw theoretical guidance from it.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2018
【分类号】：A811

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