结盟在中西历史的演进与实践差异
发布时间：2018-12-07 07:49
【摘要】：结盟是指两个及以上国家为行为主体,出于国家安全与利益的考量,建立的军事方面相互协调行动的协定。按照结盟国家的实力、结盟的目的和结盟内部运作方式,可分别将结盟划分为对称性结盟与非对称性结盟、进攻性结盟与防御性结盟、控制性结盟与合作性结盟。受历史与文化的影响,结盟在中国和西方有着不同的实践模式,并且随历史发展不断演变。在中国,结盟可分为以下四个阶段:(1)先秦时期尚未建立中央集权制国家,各个诸侯国之间有众多合纵连横、弱肉强食的结盟现象;(2)秦朝实现反封建,建立了大一统的中央集权制国家,形成了不依靠主动的武力扩张而是吸引周边民族主动靠近的旋涡模式,天下观渐渐成熟,影响着结盟观念的转型。这一时期的结盟是防御性、合作性结盟,是中国处于弱势面临战祸时,主动与对方结盟,并辅以经济、贸易等手段实现和平,促进了民族融合。(3)近代以来,中国面对西方的侵略不得不采用西方式结盟,通过“以夷制夷”等结盟方式维护生存和利益。(4)建国以后新中国为不结盟政策进行了漫长而坚定的努力。冷战初期,面对两个超级大国主导的霸权格局,新中国选择与苏联结盟,但坚决反对苏联通过联盟对我国的控制,坚持独立自主。随着综合国力的发展与国际环境的演变,中国于80年代开始明确奉行不结盟的外交政策。西方的结盟主要分为以下三个阶段:(1)19世纪末期之前,西方各诸侯国间的结盟与中国先秦时期结盟类似,是一种弱肉强食的武力斗争方式。(2)19世纪末,西方国家从自由资本主义向帝国主义转变,带来了结盟的转型。这一时期的结盟是对称性、扩张性和合作性结盟:同质的西方帝国为了实现自身强权的海外扩张结成同盟,以协调海外利益,划分势力范围。(3)二战后,西方结盟转型进入新的模式,是一种非对称性、扩张性、控制性结盟。冷战时期,号称“反殖民的新大国”的美国、苏联建立同盟,将同盟变型为美苏强权对原殖民地国家进行“控制”和攫取自身利益的方式。冷战结束后,美国用军事和经济手段维持庞大同盟体系,继续通过结盟实现对别国的控制,从中获取利益。当前西方主导的国际秩序与全球化面临新问题,我们应该审视结盟体系的实质与国际秩序的根本特征。中国坚决不结盟,反对同盟体系,既反对传统结盟运用武力针对第三方的军事对立,也反对新型结盟以同盟的名义控制小国、攫取利益。不结盟是中国的外交伦理底线,中国所倡导的合作共赢与人类命运共同体将是有利于世界各国共同发展的中国智慧与中国方案。
[Abstract]:Alliance is an agreement that two or more countries act in coordination with each other for the consideration of national security and interests. According to the strength of the allied countries, the purpose of the alliance and the internal operation mode of the alliance, the alliance can be divided into symmetrical alliance and asymmetric alliance, offensive alliance and defensive alliance, control alliance and cooperative alliance. Under the influence of history and culture, the alliance has different practice modes in China and the West, and evolves with the development of history. In China, the alliance can be divided into the following four stages: (1) the central state has not been established in the pre-Qin period, and there are many alliances among the various kingdoms; (2) the Qin Dynasty realized anti-feudalism, established a unified centralized state, and formed a vortex model that did not rely on active military expansion but attracted the peripheral nationalities to approach voluntarily. The view of the world gradually matured and affected the transformation of the concept of alliance. The alliance in this period was defensive and cooperative. When China was in a weak position and faced with the scourge of war, it took the initiative to form an alliance with the other side, accompanied by economic and trade means to achieve peace, thus promoting national integration. (3) since modern times, In the face of Western aggression, China had to adopt a western-style alliance to safeguard its survival and interests through such means as "razing the barbarians". (4) after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the people's Republic of China made a long and firm effort for the non-alignment policy. At the beginning of the Cold War, facing the hegemonic pattern dominated by the two superpowers, New China chose to form an alliance with the Soviet Union, but resolutely opposed the Soviet Union's control of our country through the alliance and insisted on independence and autonomy. With the development of comprehensive national strength and the evolution of international environment, China began to pursue a foreign policy of non-alignment in the 1980 s. The alliance of the West is divided into the following three stages: (1) before the end of the 19th century, the alliance between the various states of the West was similar to the alliance in the pre-Qin period of China, and it was a form of armed struggle against the law of the jungle. (2) at the end of the 19th century, The transition of Western countries from free capitalism to imperialism brought about the transition of alliance. The alliance of this period was symmetrical, expansionary and cooperative: the homogeneous Western Empire formed an alliance to achieve its own overseas expansion of power to reconcile overseas interests and divide its sphere of influence. (3) after World War II, Western alliance transition into a new model, is an asymmetric, expansionary, controlling alliance. During the Cold War, the United States, known as the "new anti-colonial power", the Soviet Union established an alliance, transforming the alliance into a way for the Soviet Union to "control" the former colonial countries and seize their own interests. After the end of the Cold War, the United States maintained its huge alliance system by military and economic means, and continued to gain from it by realizing its control over other countries through alliance. At present, the western-dominated international order and globalization are facing new problems, so we should examine the essence of the alliance system and the fundamental characteristics of the international order. China is firmly non-aligned and opposes the alliance system. It opposes both the traditional alliance and the use of military force against third parties, as well as the new alliance, which controls small countries in the name of the alliance and takes advantage of it. Nonalignment is the bottom line of China's diplomatic ethics, and the win-win cooperation and human destiny community advocated by China will be China's wisdom and China's plan conducive to the common development of all countries in the world.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D801
[Abstract]:Alliance is an agreement that two or more countries act in coordination with each other for the consideration of national security and interests. According to the strength of the allied countries, the purpose of the alliance and the internal operation mode of the alliance, the alliance can be divided into symmetrical alliance and asymmetric alliance, offensive alliance and defensive alliance, control alliance and cooperative alliance. Under the influence of history and culture, the alliance has different practice modes in China and the West, and evolves with the development of history. In China, the alliance can be divided into the following four stages: (1) the central state has not been established in the pre-Qin period, and there are many alliances among the various kingdoms; (2) the Qin Dynasty realized anti-feudalism, established a unified centralized state, and formed a vortex model that did not rely on active military expansion but attracted the peripheral nationalities to approach voluntarily. The view of the world gradually matured and affected the transformation of the concept of alliance. The alliance in this period was defensive and cooperative. When China was in a weak position and faced with the scourge of war, it took the initiative to form an alliance with the other side, accompanied by economic and trade means to achieve peace, thus promoting national integration. (3) since modern times, In the face of Western aggression, China had to adopt a western-style alliance to safeguard its survival and interests through such means as "razing the barbarians". (4) after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the people's Republic of China made a long and firm effort for the non-alignment policy. At the beginning of the Cold War, facing the hegemonic pattern dominated by the two superpowers, New China chose to form an alliance with the Soviet Union, but resolutely opposed the Soviet Union's control of our country through the alliance and insisted on independence and autonomy. With the development of comprehensive national strength and the evolution of international environment, China began to pursue a foreign policy of non-alignment in the 1980 s. The alliance of the West is divided into the following three stages: (1) before the end of the 19th century, the alliance between the various states of the West was similar to the alliance in the pre-Qin period of China, and it was a form of armed struggle against the law of the jungle. (2) at the end of the 19th century, The transition of Western countries from free capitalism to imperialism brought about the transition of alliance. The alliance of this period was symmetrical, expansionary and cooperative: the homogeneous Western Empire formed an alliance to achieve its own overseas expansion of power to reconcile overseas interests and divide its sphere of influence. (3) after World War II, Western alliance transition into a new model, is an asymmetric, expansionary, controlling alliance. During the Cold War, the United States, known as the "new anti-colonial power", the Soviet Union established an alliance, transforming the alliance into a way for the Soviet Union to "control" the former colonial countries and seize their own interests. After the end of the Cold War, the United States maintained its huge alliance system by military and economic means, and continued to gain from it by realizing its control over other countries through alliance. At present, the western-dominated international order and globalization are facing new problems, so we should examine the essence of the alliance system and the fundamental characteristics of the international order. China is firmly non-aligned and opposes the alliance system. It opposes both the traditional alliance and the use of military force against third parties, as well as the new alliance, which controls small countries in the name of the alliance and takes advantage of it. Nonalignment is the bottom line of China's diplomatic ethics, and the win-win cooperation and human destiny community advocated by China will be China's wisdom and China's plan conducive to the common development of all countries in the world.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D801
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