不同类型大学生公平行为的特点及制约因素

发布时间：2019-06-19 23:30

【摘要】：公平涉及我们生活的方方面面,是人类社会生活的基本准则与目标,是维护合作所必需的行为规范。由于公平行为的实质是对自我利益与他人利益的权衡,因而实验经济学家、心理学家常采用博弈范式来探讨公平,其中最后通牒博弈(ultimatum game,简称UG)就是测量公平偏好的有效工具之一。研究发现,基于公平考虑,人们往往会将"免费的意外之财"拒之门外。对此,前人从理论与实证角度对公平行为的发生、发展以及影响因素进行了深入探讨。本研究受Deutsch于1975年提出的三种公平原则启发,目的一是考察平等原则和均衡原则在人们的公平行为中是如何发挥作用的。由于被试的需求原则很难控制操纵,因此本研究并未涉及对需求原则的考察,只把它作为一个控制变量,以一定份额的金钱作为公平分配的资源。已有的研究文献也表明性别和社会价值取向因素会影响到人们的公平行为。因此,本研究另一个目的是通过操纵有关公平决策的情境和方案,以综合探究不同性别、价值取向大学生公平行为的特点。本研究采用的均为UG范式,主要由以下两个实验组成:实验一是对平等原则的探讨,自变量为性别、社会价值取向、分配情境和分配方案,因变量为回应者的公平决策行为,通过考察在不同情境和方案下回应者所做的公平行为,分析不同类型大学生公平行为的特点,以及意图、相对收益、绝对收益等因素在不同类型大学生回应者的公平行为中所起的作用。实验二引入了均衡原则,自变量为性别、社会价值取向和高低贡献率,因变量为提议则和回应者的公平决策行为,通过考察提议者和回应者的公平行为,来分析不同类型大学生公平行为的特点及自我中心偏差因素在其中发挥的作用。实验一结果发现:①男女生都在乎绝对收益和意图,且女生还在乎相对收益;相比与男生,女生对不公平方案容忍度更低。②亲社会者和亲自我者都在乎绝对收益和意图,且亲自我者还看重相对收益;亲社会者偏向公平,而亲自我者偏向个人利益。③社会价值取向会影响男女生的公平行为,女亲社会者更偏向做公平决策行为。亲社会者中,男生看重对方的意图;亲自我者中,女生看重对方的意图。在不同方案选择上,亲社会者存在性别差异,女性更偏向公平,而亲自我者不存在性别差异。实验二结果发现:①人们对公平原则的选择更多是依据于不同条件下个人收益的大小,表明人们在公平行为中存在利己的自我中心偏差。②男女生在公平原则的自我偏差方面没有性别差异,都表现出了利己的倾向。不同价值取向者在公平原则的自我偏差方面也没有价值取向的差异,也都表现出了利己的倾向。③亲社会者中,男生比女生更利己;而亲自我者中,女生比男生更利己。④无论是男女生被试,还是不同价值取向者被试,在面对平等、均衡、超公平和超不公平的方案时,无论贡献率高低,都倾向于拒绝同时违背均衡和平等原则的决定,对平等和均衡提议的接受度最高。总体说来,在不涉及到投入产出的均衡时,人们默认的是按照平等原则来平均分配。而涉及到投入与产出的权衡时,人们对平等原则和均衡原则的选择更多是依据不同条件下个人收益的多少。但人们的公平行为不会偏离平等原则和均衡原则太多,对符合公平原则的方案满意度也最高,倾向拒绝同时偏离这两种公平原则的提议。表明公平原则在人们的公平决策行为中起到重要的作用。不同性别和价值取向大学生在公平决策行为时表现出了很多差异,人们在公平行为中都表现出了自利的倾向,然而女生比男生更偏向公平,亲社会者也比亲自我者更看重群体利益,对不公平的容忍度也更低。
[Abstract]:Equity involves all aspects of our life, is the basic principle and goal of human social life, and is the necessary code of conduct for maintaining cooperation. Because the essence of the fair behavior is the trade-off of the self-interest and the interests of others, the experimental economist and the psychologist often use the game paradigm to explore the fairness, and the ultimatum game (UG) is one of the effective tools to measure the fair preference. It has been found that, based on equity, people often turn the "A free-of-charge windfall." out of the door. In this regard, the author deeply discusses the occurrence, development and the influencing factors of the fair behavior from the perspective of the theory and the empirical angle. This study is inspired by the three principles of equity proposed by Deutsch in 1975, with the aim of examining how the principle of equality and the principle of equality play a role in the fair conduct of people. Because the subject's need principle is difficult to control the manipulation, the study does not involve the investigation of the principle of demand, and only takes it as a control variable, and takes a certain share of money as a fair-distributed resource. The existing research literature also shows that gender and social value orientation factors can affect people's fair behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of the fair behavior of the college students with different sex and value by manipulating the situation and the scheme about the fair decision. The study adopted the UG model, which is mainly composed of the following two experiments: the first is the discussion of the principle of equality, the independent variable is the sex, the social value orientation, the distribution situation and the distribution plan, and the variable is the fair decision-making behavior of the responder, Through the investigation of the fair behavior of the respondents under different situations and scenarios, the paper analyzes the characteristics of the fair behavior of different types of college students, and the role of the factors such as the intention, the relative income and the absolute income in the fair behavior of the respondents of different types of college students. The equilibrium principle is introduced in the experiment 2. The independent variable is the sex, the social value orientation and the high and low contribution rate. The variable is the fair decision-making behavior of the author and the responder, and through the investigation of the fair behavior of the author and the responder, This paper analyzes the characteristics of the fair behavior of different types of college students and their role in the self-central deviation factors. The results of the experiment found that both men and women care for absolute income and intent, and that girls care about relative earnings; and compared with boys, girls are less tolerant of unfair programme tolerance. Both the pro-society and the person in person care about the absolute income and intention, and the person in person also value the relative benefit; the pro-social person is biased to justice, and the person in person is in favor of the personal benefit. The value orientation of the social value affects the fair behavior of the male and female students, and the female pro-social person is more inclined to do the fair decision-making behavior. In a pro-society, boys value the other's intentions; in person, the girls value the other's intentions. In the choice of different schemes, there is a gender difference between the pro-social and the female, and the female is more fair, and the person in person does not have sex differences. The two results of the experiment show that the choice of the fair principle is more based on the size of the individual income under different conditions, which shows that the self-centered deviation of the self-center exists in the fair behavior. There is no gender difference in the self-bias of the principle of equality between men and women, all of which show the tendency of self-interest. The different value-oriented people do not have the difference in the value orientation in terms of the self-bias of the principle of fairness, and also show the tendency of self-interest. In a pro-society, a boy is more self-interested than a girl, and in person, a girl is more self-interested than a male. Both male and female subjects, or different value-oriented, were tried, and in the face of an equal, balanced, ultra-fair and ultra-unfair programme, the acceptance of the equality and balance proposals was the highest, whether or not the contribution rate was to be rejected at the same time, in violation of the principle of equalization and equality. In general, when the balance of input-output is not involved, the default is to distribute equally according to the principle of equality. The choice of the principle of equality and the principle of balance is more dependent on the amount of individual income under different conditions when the trade-off of input and output is concerned. But people's equity does not deviate from the principle of equality and the principle of equalization, and the satisfaction of the programme that is in accordance with the principle of equity is also the highest, and the tendency to refuse to deviate from the two principles of equity at the same time. The principle of fairness plays an important role in people's fair decision-making. The different sex and value-oriented college students show a lot of difference in the behavior of fair decision-making, and people show the tendency of self-interest in the fair behavior. The tolerance to inequity is also lower.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B848.4

【相似文献】