罚点球中表象预期对判断扑球方向的影响

发布时间：2019-06-22 19:02

【摘要】：表象预期是当无客观刺激输入感官系统时,个体已有知识经验在大脑高级皮层所形成的“预测性编码”使个体对将要出现的刺激进行判断时所表现出的一种具有主观色彩的心理偏向,是知觉自上而下加工的具体表现形式。知识经验作为一种自上而下的信息在一定程度上促进了“专家”的运动表现。那么,自上而下的信息对低经验群体有着怎样的影响?在运动心理学领域,对自上而下刺激调控的研究较少。本文选取必须有自上而下知觉加工过程的足球罚点球为背景,考察其如何影响对扑球方向的判断。针对研究问题的特殊性,从外部效度出发,本研究通过预实验验证“专家”优势的存在并根据高低经验组在不同时间分割点上的反应时、正确率和确信程度选定能代表不同预判任务的两个时间点。此外,通过分析预实验后两组被试对开放问题的回答,发现自上而下知觉加工广泛存在于高经验组,为探讨表象预期在低经验水平组中的作用起到了铺垫作用。正式实验对象为26名普通男大学生。行为学结果表明:(1)任务难度主效应显著,高任务难度时被试对扑球方向判断的正确率低且反应时长;(2)表象预期主效应显著,表象预期在影响正确率与反应时上表现出了一致时的促进作用、不一致时阻碍作用和无表象预期时的无作用;(3)任务难度与表象预期交互作用在正确率上显著,反应时上不显著;(4)反应比例表明,只有在高任务难度下表象预期对行为选择的影响才能表现出来。脑电结果中,C1、P2、N2、LPC表象预期主效应显著。表象预期一致时能减少冲突(表象预期不一致的N2波幅显著高于一致),且能够加深对信息的加工程度(表象预期一致时LPC波幅显著大于不一致)。但这种加工不会导致认知资源被过多占用,反而会节约认知资源(表象预期不一致、一致所诱发的P2平均波幅均显著低于无表象预期)。本文研究结果与假设整体相符,表象预期能影响对扑球方向的判断。表象预期一致促使个体又快又准做出反应,不一致则相反。而且,表象预期的促进作用使得信息得到深度加工的同时节约认知资源。行为学和脑电结果都显示出了表象预期一致对成功扑球的重要影响,提示教练员和守门员在“知己”的同时更要“知彼”,训练中注意表象预期的建立和应用。
[Abstract]:Appearance expectation is a kind of subjective psychological bias, which is formed by the "predictive coding" formed by the knowledge and experience of the individual in the advanced cerebral cortex when there is no objective stimulus input into the sensory system, and it is a concrete form of perceptual top-down processing. As a kind of top-down information, knowledge and experience promote the sports performance of experts to a certain extent. So, what is the impact of top-down information on low-experience groups? In the field of sports psychology, there is little research on top-down stimulus regulation. In this paper, the penalty of football, which must have top-down perceptual processing, is selected as the background to investigate how it affects the judgment of the direction of playing the ball. In view of the particularity of the research problem, starting from the external validity, this study verifies the existence of the advantage of "experts" through pre-experiments, and selects two time points that can represent different predictive tasks according to the response of the high and low experience groups at different time segmentation points. In addition, by analyzing the answers of the two groups to open questions after the pre-experiment, it is found that top-down perceptual processing widely exists in the high experience group, which plays an important role in exploring the role of representation expectation in the low experience level group. The formal subjects were 26 ordinary male college students. The results of behavior show that: (1) the main effect of task difficulty is significant, the correct rate of judging the direction of playing ball is low and the response time is long, (2) the main effect of image expectation should be significant, the effect of image expectation is consistent with the reaction time, the hindrance effect is not consistent with the reaction time, and there is no effect when there is no appearance expectation. (3) the interaction between task difficulty and appearance expectation is significant in correct rate, but not in reaction time. (4) the reaction ratio shows that the influence of appearance expectation on behavior choice can only be shown at high task difficulty. Among the EEG results, C _ 1, P _ 2, N _ 2, LPC were expected to have significant main effects. When the appearance expectation is consistent, the conflict can be reduced (the N2 amplitude of the appearance expectation is significantly higher than that of the consistency), and the processing degree of the information can be deepened (the LPC amplitude is significantly larger than the inconsistency when the appearance expectation is consistent). However, this kind of processing will not lead to excessive occupation of cognitive resources, but will save cognitive resources (the average amplitude of P2 induced by consistency is significantly lower than that of no appearance expectation). The results of this paper are consistent with the hypothesis as a whole, and the appearance expectation can affect the judgment of the direction of playing the ball. Consistent appearance expectations prompt individuals to react quickly and accurately, while inconsistency leads to the opposite. Moreover, the promoting effect of representation expectation makes the information be processed deeply and saves cognitive resources at the same time. The results of behavior and EEG showed that the consistent appearance expectation had an important influence on the successful playing of the ball, suggesting that coaches and goalkeeper should "know the other" at the same time of "bosom friend" and pay attention to the establishment and application of appearance expectation in training.
【学位授予单位】：武汉体育学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842

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