宋朝君主的信息渠道研究

发布时间：2018-01-22 09:37

本文关键词： 宋朝皇权运行方式信息渠道 “防范壅蔽”　出处：《北京大学》2008年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本文通过对宋代宫廷建筑布局、章奏处理过程、君臣奏对、以及特定政治群体等多方面因素的分析,论述了当时皇帝收集、处理信息的过程,并在此基础上对宋代皇权的运行方式进行了更细致的考察。宫廷的建筑布局,以及各个通进机构在其中的具体位置,在一定程度上决定着不同信息渠道的特点和各自在政治运行中能发挥的功能。本文自在北宋宫城中具有重要地位,但较少受到研究者关注的内东门出发进行讨论,指出空间位置上“密迩禁中”,是内东门最重要的特点。正因此门具有这样一种位置,宋代帝王经常利用它来获取一些不能或不便通过常规通进渠道获取的机要信息或敏感信息。通过将内东门与其它通进机构进行对比,我们可以看出当时的帝王是如何结合具体的建筑空间,利用多元信息渠道来“防范壅蔽”的。皇帝与宰辅大臣的关系,往往决定着政局的走向。而政治信息处理过程,又影响着两者关系的形成和发展。本文以宋代政治信息的主要载体——章奏文书为切入点,讨论了皇帝和宰辅各自在通进、降出、覆奏、留中等章奏处理环节中发挥的作用,以及彼此之间发生的关联。通过章奏处理,可以看出,在宋代,皇帝日渐走到了政务处理的前台,而宰辅则逐渐成为皇帝处理政务的助手,二者在政务运行中形成了较前代更为紧密的协作关系。但另一方面,出于各自的利益考量,双方又不时围绕着信息进行着政治博弈。皇帝个人信息处理能力的不足,是双方合作的基础,也是博弈得以形成的关键。君臣奏对是臣僚向皇帝呈报信息的重要途径。本文通过宋代一种较为特殊的奏对活动——经筵,来考察奏对制度与君臣交流的关系。与转对、轮对等常规奏对相比,经筵在各方面的限制较少,同时具有更为宽松的氛围。利用经筵,皇帝可以弥补常规奏对的某些不足,更为有效地获取信息。同时,在经筵活动中特殊的交流方式,还使得君臣双方体现出一种与平日相比,更为亲近平等的关系。在信息收集活动中,宋代皇帝经常对宦官等“侧近”私人委以重任。利用宦官等“侧近”,皇帝在外廷官僚集团之外,开辟了一个易于为自己掌控,便捷隐秘的信息来源,有助于自己更有效地周知外事。在任用宦官的同时,皇帝也利用外廷官员对其加以防范。在很多政务的处理中,皇帝都是同时通过内臣与外官来收集信息的。而内臣与外官的“异论相搅”,在拓展了君主信息来源的同时,也增大了其判断信息真伪的难度。能否合理地对信息加以辨析,不仅取决于君主的政治能力,更取决于他对待信息的态度和动机。
[Abstract]:This paper discusses the process of collecting and processing information by analyzing the layout of the palace architecture of the Song Dynasty, the process of dealing with the Zhang and the courtiers, and the special political groups, as well as the analysis of the various factors such as the collection and processing of information by the emperors at that time. On this basis, the operating mode of the Song Dynasty imperial power was investigated in more detail. The architectural layout of the court and the specific location of the various access agencies. To a certain extent, it determines the characteristics of different information channels and the functions they can play in the political operation. However, less attention has been paid to the departure of the Inner East Gate, and it is pointed out that the most important feature of the Inner East Gate is the "close ban on the middle" in the space position, which is why the gate has such a position. The emperors of the Song Dynasty often used it to obtain some confidential information or sensitive information which could not or could not be obtained through conventional access channels. We can see how the emperors at that time combined with the specific building space, using multiple information channels to "guard against blockage". The relationship between the emperor and the prime minister often determines the political situation and the process of political information processing. It also affects the formation and development of the relationship between the two. Based on the main carrier of the political information of Song Dynasty-the Changxuan document as the breakthrough point, this paper discusses the emperor and the Zaifu each in the process of entering, dropping and overwriting. Through the chapter playing processing, we can see that, in the Song Dynasty, the emperor gradually stepped into the front stage of government affairs processing. Zaifu gradually became the assistant of the emperor to deal with government affairs, and the two formed a closer cooperative relationship than the previous generation in the operation of government affairs, but on the other hand, out of their own interests considerations. The lack of the emperor's ability to deal with personal information is the basis of bilateral cooperation and the key to the formation of the game. This paper studies the relationship between the system and the exchange of monarchs and ministers through a special kind of pageant in the Song Dynasty, which is an important way to report the information to the emperor. Compared with the regular playing pairs, there are less restrictions in all aspects and more relaxed atmosphere. By using the feast, the emperor can make up for some shortcomings of the regular playing pairs and obtain information more effectively. At the same time. The special way of communication in the feast also makes both the monarch and minister embody a more close and equal relationship than usual. In the information-gathering activities, the emperor of Song Dynasty often entrusted important tasks to eunuchs, such as "side proximity". Using eunuchs and other "side proximity", the emperor opened up an easy control for himself in addition to the external bureaucratic group. Convenient and secret sources of information to help themselves to more effective knowledge of foreign affairs. In the appointment of eunuchs, the emperor also made use of foreign officials to guard against them. In the handling of many government affairs. Emperors collect information by both internal ministers and foreign officials, while the "different theories" of internal ministers and foreign officials expand the sources of information of the monarch at the same time. It also makes it more difficult to judge whether information is true or false. Whether the information can be reasonably analyzed depends not only on the political ability of the monarch, but also on his attitude and motive towards information.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】