清代六科行政监控机制研究

发布时间：2018-01-22 10:00

本文关键词： 六科给事中科道官行政监控制度分析　出处：《南开大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 清王朝在因循前代制度的基础上,构建了利于统治的,具有多民族色彩的,多层次、立体交叉、复杂的行政监控机制。作为承袭明代的六科,是其行政监控机制的一个环节,也是融合汉族传统政治体制,具有贵族与官僚政治相结合的特点,在一定程度上起到监控整个官僚机构的运转,提高统治效能的作用,同时也应该承认,贵族政治与官僚政治在实际政务运行过程中,缺乏政治权力及行政监控地位低下,是制约行政监控正常发挥其效能的重要因素之一。目前,国内外学者关于清代制度史的论著,只是零星地涉及到六科制度的某些方面,系统研究清代六科行政监控机制的论著尚未出现,本文试图尽力弥补该领域的这一缺陷。清代的六科行政监控机制是继承前代的基本架构,又“参汉酌金”融入满蒙民族色彩的管理体制。从六科行政监控机制因袭与发展变化的过程来看,野蛮人的征服者一旦被先进文明的社会形态和思想意识所征服,其本身也就从野蛮状态中摆脱出来,也标志着落后向先进的转变。在满族与蒙、汉等民族频繁交往的过程中,相互增强了理解,缩短社会发展的差距,也加快自身社会发展的历史进程。六科行政监控机制的满汉杂糅,不但彰显了满洲贵族的统治地位,而且将统治者政治理念融入其中。六科行政监控在政治体制中的地位与发挥作用的大小,既反映出君主专制中央集权制度发展到顶峰时期的制度构建理念,又表现出专制政体的礼法观念。不但等级、宗法、伦理纲常等传统的政治理念在其中有所体现,而且专制政体的构成原则和运行规则也时刻影响其效能的发挥,从中折射出权力结构的重组、社会文化心态的更新,以及决定这些变化的根本性因素——社会经济、政治、文化的发展和社会环境的变迁,更决定该体制的兴衰。清朝统治者建起了一个疆域辽阔、文化灿烂的帝国,全盛时期没有对手能够威胁其统治,因而没有顺应社会发展作出制度上的选择,因循守旧,姑息养奸,导致整个政治结构的崩溃,没有使应有的行政监控效能正常发挥,甚至促进政治腐败。这固然有不可逆转的历史发展规律,然而顺应社会作出适当的制度选择,至少不至于给社会带来更多的灾难,也是值得我们深思的问题。清统治者初定中原时,稳定时局是其核心政策,因此在制度的制定和运作上对明代制度多有沿用,但是清入关前原有的满蒙制度也是重要的国策,两种制度在不同文化环境下正处于交融之时。在具体实施过程中,满蒙制度则发挥更为重要的效用。而随着时局的逐步稳定,具有交融性的制度变革也势在必然,然而随着所谓的“康雍乾盛世”出现,统治者骄傲自大的心理与日俱增,不可能去关注世界的发展变化,其制度的惰性也日益显现。在外来势力的冲击下,既想检讨政策上的失误,又不愿意接受新的政治理念。在屈辱挨打的情况下,被迫实行所谓的“新政”。这种传统政治体制向近代政治体制嬗变的过程,不仅折射出当时落后挨打的根源,而且在惯性中使政治制度文明在超经济强制中迷失了前进方向。不但制度不能科学地创新和发展,而且束缚人们的思想,直接导致在近代的国家竞争中丧失主动权,也得不到广大人民的支持。在忧患中警醒,在升平中思危,这是国家和民族前进发展的重要原动力。本文在《清实录》、《清会典事例》、《清史稿》等文献资料以及一些清人笔记的基础上,结合今人的研究成果,对清代六科行政监控机制进行系统分析,并力图运用制度学、系统论和社会控制论等学科的一些理论与方法,采取宏观制度叙述与微观个案分析相结合的方法,进行必要的统计,举出一些有代表性的事例佐以论述。在此基础上,探讨六科行政监控机制在维护政治统治、保障行政运行方面的作用,并将六科行政监控机制作为观察清代政治,解读制度背后深层次东西的一个独特视角。全文共分为六章内容: 第一章为绪论部分,主要阐述本课题的选择依据、研究所具有的学科和现实意义、先行研究成果、运用的理论和研究方法,以及论文的基本研究框架。第二章主要研究六科制度的历史沿革及演变过程。通过对六科制度的历史追溯,结合清代六科的衍变过程,梳理出六科在政治体制中的地位和作用,在对清代六科定制分析同时,构建六科相对完整的制度架构。第三章通过对六科参入朝政的制度分析,了解六科在中央决策制定中的作用和局限。在叙述封驳权、注销权、抄录史书权的同时,探讨六科在中枢决策过程中的地位,分析其监控中枢决策与政策执行过程中的作用,以及存在的不足。第四章是对各科在具体政务中监控作用的叙述,以揭示六科是否对口六部政务。事实上,六科不仅仅是对六部进行对口监控,还分工监控各部院衙门。而通过具体案例的分析,可以看出科道官的区别,对当前科道不分,以及台谏合一的认识提出看法,证实六科与监察御史看似权责不分,实际还是有分。第五章意在分析评价。清代六科行政监控机制,既是传统政治制度的重要组成部分,又融入民族色彩,不但继承了前代行政管理的模式和理念,而且具有满洲贵族为主体的特色,君主专制中央集权制度发展到顶峰时期的鲜明特点。因此从制度构建期待预期的效果,制度实现过程及实施效果,以及与其他制度的关系等方面进行分析,总结经验教训,提出有益的启示。
[Abstract]:The Qing Dynasty based on following the previous generation system, constructed to rule, with many national colors, multi-level, three-dimensional cross administrative monitoring mechanism of the complex. As the six families inherited the Ming Dynasty, is a part of the administrative supervision mechanism, but also the integration of the traditional political governance system has the characteristics of Han nationality, and noble the combination of bureaucracy, to monitor the entire bureaucratic operation to a certain extent, improve the ruling efficiency effect, meanwhile it should be acknowledged that aristocratic politics and bureaucracy in the actual operation process, the lack of political power and administrative supervision status, restrict administrative monitoring is one of the important factors to normal play efficiency. At present, domestic and foreign scholars on the history of the Qing Dynasty, only involve some aspects of the six system, system of administrative supervision mechanism of the Qing Dynasty, the six works has not yet appeared, this paper The map tries to make up for this defect in the field.
The six Department of the administrative supervision mechanism of Qing Dynasty inherited the previous generation and the basic framework, "Han discretion of the Senate" into the Mongolian national color management system. From the six families of the administrative supervision mechanism of adoption and development change, the barbarian conquerors once conquered by the society and the ideology of advanced civilization, its itself from barbarism to get out, also marks the backward shift to advance. In the process of Manchu and Mongolian, Han and other ethnic groups with frequent exchanges in a better understanding of each other, to shorten the gap of social development, but also accelerate their social development history process. Six of the administrative supervision mechanism not only demonstrates hybridity. Manchuria aristocratic dominance, and the ruler's political ideas into one.
The status of six families of administrative supervision in the political system and play a role in size, not only reflects the idea of constructing the centralization system of the peak of the development of the system of autocratic monarchy, and show the concept of etiquette autocracy. Not only the level of patriarchal clan system, traditional political philosophy ethics have been reflected in them, and authoritarian form the principle and operation rules are always affect the efficiency of the play, which reflects the power structure reorganization, social cultural mentality and political renewal, the fundamental factors determining these changes, changes in social economy, cultural development and social environment, also determines the rise and decline of this system. The rulers of the Qing dynasty built a territory the vast and splendid culture of the Empire, the heyday of no opponent can threaten its rule, which did not conform to social development make institutional choice, traditi onal, guxiyangjian, The political structure of the collapse, not to make the administrative performance monitoring should be normal play, and even promote political corruption. This is the irreversible historical development, however, make appropriate choice to adapt to the social system, at least not bring disaster to the society, is also worth pondering.
The rulers of the Qing Dynasty set the Central Plains, the stability is the core of the policy, so in the development and operation of the system of the Ming Dynasty system is used, but before 1644 the original system was also an important national policy, the two systems are in different cultural environments blend. In the process of implementation, the system play more and more important effect. And with the political situation stabilizes, has the combination of institutional change is inevitable, but with the so-called "Kangxi spirit", the arrogance of the rulers could not pay attention to the psychological grow with each passing day, the development and changes of the world, the inertia of system is also increasingly apparent. In the external forces under the impact, both want to review the policy mistakes, but they are not willing to accept the new political idea. In the case of humiliation, forced to implement the so-called "New Deal". The traditional political system to modern politics The process of evolution of the governance system, not only reflects the backward root at that time, and in the inertia of political system civilization in the super economic power lost direction. Not only is not a scientific system of innovation and development, and the shackles of people's minds, directly led to the loss of the initiative in the competition of modern countries, also can not get the majority of people support. Alert in suffering, danger in Shengping, this is an important driving force of state and national development.
In this paper, < < > qingshilu, Qing Huidian case >, < > based draft of Qing Dynasty literature and some notes on the Qing Dynasty, combined with the present research, systematic analysis of the Qing Dynasty, six administrative supervision mechanism, and try to use the system, some theories and methods of discipline system theory and social control theory etc. method, narrative and micro analysis combined with the macro system, make the necessary statistics, give some representative examples, in this paper. On this basis, to explore the six families of the administrative supervision mechanism in the maintenance of political rule, the operation of the social security administration, and six of the administrative supervision mechanism as observed in the Qing Dynasty. A unique perspective of the system of things behind.
The full text is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction. It mainly expounds the selection basis of this topic, the disciplinary and practical significance of the research, the research results, the theories and research methods applied, and the basic research framework of the thesis.
The history and evolution of the second chapter mainly studies the six division system. Through the system the history of six families, six families with the evolution of Qing Dynasty, out of six families in the political system in the position and role of the Qing Dynasty in six, custom analysis at the same time, the construction of six relative end system architecture finishing.
The third chapter through the analysis of the six families involved in the political system, understand the role of six families in the central government decision-making and limitation. Right of cancellation in the sealing and refuting right, copy books, right at the same time, to investigate the status of six families in the central decision-making process, analyze the monitoring central decision-making and policy implementation process, and the shortcomings.
The fourth chapter is on the various monitoring function in specific government in the narrative, to reveal the six Division counterparts six affairs. In fact, the six department is not only to monitoring of the six, but also a division of the Ministry of monitoring Yamen. And through the analysis of specific cases, can see the supervisory officials of the difference, not to the current branch road, as well as Taijian understanding of oneness views, confirmed that six families and seemingly censor responsibilities are not actual, or points.
The fifth chapter is intended to analyze the evaluation of six families. The Qing Dynasty administrative supervision mechanism, is not only an important part of the traditional political system, but also into the national colors, not only inherited the previous generation of administrative management mode and concept, but also has the Manchuria aristocracy as the main characteristics of autocratic centralization system development to a peak of distinctive characteristics. So from construction of the system of look forward to the expected results, the system implementation process and effect, and the relationship between the system and other aspects of analysis, summarize the experience and lessons, the thesis puts forward some suggestions.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K249

【引证文献】