宋代借贷业研究

发布时间：2018-02-01 04:20

本文关键词： 宋代借贷业体系消费借贷　出处：《河北大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：借贷业是封建社会重要的经济门类之一。在宋代,借贷业随着经济、政治和社会生活的发展而进一步发展。宋代借贷业者的阶级构成复杂多样,但借贷业者主体是官僚、商人和地主。宋代依靠借贷调剂余缺的人们几乎涉及各个阶级、阶层,但是以个体农民借贷为主;借贷的原因也多种多样,多为生活性借贷,也有生产性借贷、经营性借贷,并形成了特殊的借贷关系——京债、军债。民间借贷业的当物很多是动产,不同的阶级、阶层所提供的当物不同;宋代商品性的物品成为当物,是宋代商品经济发展的表现。宋政府注意对当物作出一系列法律规范。宋代不动产抵押有三种方式——田宅“典卖”、“倚当”和“抵当”。宋政府立“有利债负准折”法,限制放贷者强行将借贷者田宅折还有利债负。宋政府注重通过法律手段调节债权人和债务人的关系;债务的偿还有主动偿还、官为理索、保人代偿、强力索还等几种方式;对于民间借贷中的不能偿还的呆坏账,政府为保证社会的稳定采取倚阁和蠲免的措施,同时,债权人主动蠲免债务的情况也是多见的。私营质库处于民间借贷的核心地位,所受到的外界影响至为深重,特别是国家的政治经济政策和战争环境往往对民间借贷的影响非常巨大,并且这些影响往往是负面的,阻碍了私营借贷业的正常发展。青苗法在神宗熙宁二年开始实行。此后,青苗法在推行中不断完善,向灵活实用、可操作方向发展。青苗法通过政权的组织机构真正建立起自上而下的借贷网络,并在边疆地区推行。青苗钱的抑配是造成社会上层激烈反对的主要原因,但是青苗法满足了农民部分借贷需求、增加了政府收入、在一定程度上打击了兼并势力,是中国历史上农业金融信贷的一次重大突破。宋代官营借贷业中牟利经营色彩较浓的有检校放贷、市易赊贷、抵当所和抵当库。查核、籍记、保管孤幼财产的检校库在熙宁时期进一步地发展出孤幼财产的放贷收息业务,其放贷收息业务在宋代资金融通的经济活动中占据了一席之地。开始于熙宁五年的市易法赊贷最初只对大商人贷钱,对中小商人赊货,均以房地产或金银等其它产业为抵押,年息二分。后来,市易赊贷作了部分调整,元yP更化罢去市易法,对市易赊贷的欠款进行督索和蠲免。抵当所起源于北宋开封府的检校抵当,后与市易抵当合并,并向全国辐射,虽政局变动,但始终存在,直到宋末。抵当所(库)业务形式与私营质库类似,主要经营动产抵押借贷,而且资本性、经营性借贷在其放款总量中的地位加强了,从而表现出了早期银行业的风貌。灾荒赈贷是利用借贷赈济灾民的重要手段,官营赈贷是救助灾民或贫民的政府行为,大都是靠政府行政手段来推行。元丰时实行了“放税七分以上方许借贷,四等以下方免出息”的制度,直到南宋末。“以陈易新”于利息之外,在某种程度上加重了百姓的负担。另一方面,政府不得不展限、倚阁甚至蠲免他们不能按期偿还债负。南宋经营借贷的社仓则是由政府主导的、民间力量积极参与的信用合作组织。尽管社仓借贷存在一些弊端,但是在一定程度上,减轻民众苦难,促进了社会稳定,成为中国古代三大仓储之一,影响极为深远。佛教的无尽藏理论是中国古代佛教寺院借贷的理论依据。寺院长生库是宋代佛教寺院借贷的主要机构。其资金的来源形式有三种:捐助、存本运息、合本经营。寺院借贷业兼有慈善事业和高利息借贷剥削的双重性质,并在相当程度上受到当地政府的干预。利息及利息率是借贷业的核心问题。关于倍称之息有三种含义:一、实际年利率达到100%;二、利息积累量的总和;三、法律规定的利息总量的上限或是债务偿还的极限。《数学九章》反映了宋代利息计算的水平和质库的经营的方式。宋代利息率具有多样性的特征,一般官营借贷业的利率低于私营借贷业的利率;宋代没有形成一个统一的平均利息率,但利息率大多集中于月息二分到月息四分左右,总体而言,利息率呈现出缓慢下降的趋势。决定宋代借贷业的利息率最低限度是土地的地息率,最高限在农民的承受能力之内;影响市场利息率高低的因素较多,主要有国家的利率管制政策、官营借贷利率、物价因素、天灾人祸、急征暴敛等。因果报应观念与“好借好还”、“急人之困”、“反对苛求厚息”的借贷伦理相结合,构成了普通借贷者的借贷伦理思想。《袁氏世范》集中反映了借贷经营者的思想,提倡经营借贷取息;采取调和主义的态度,主张对农民施行扶助性借贷,不能强取厚息;阐述了几种不宜假贷的经营原则,受到因果报应观念与中国传统的持家观念的影响。 “利出于一孔”的官府控制借贷的思想源于《管子》等法家说法,但是表面上以《周礼》为依据,这一派以李觏、苏辙、王安石为代表,主要思想是通过国家对借贷业的控制,达到抑制兼并的目的。 “贫富相资,官不为理”的国家不干涉借贷的思想,产生于反对青苗法的斗争之中,以苏辙、司马光、郑侠等反变法派为代表,主张国家既要保护佃农等借贷者的利益,更要保护富民等借贷经营者的利益,反对国家控制借贷。南宋除叶适外,真德秀、黄震等思想家大都是在行政实践中得出了“贫富相资,官不为理”的借贷思想,他们的思想是佃农对地主、高利贷者的经济依附关系的集中反映。借贷业官、私并存局面,维持了借贷业的大体平衡,因而它对社会再生产还是能发挥一定的作用的,在一定程度上避免了落魄的人们铤而走险,是困难时期人们生活下去的最后一根救命稻草。宋代借贷业在灾荒年景、阶级斗争高涨的时候,对保证小农生产的延续,对促进商品经济的发展,对缓和民族矛盾、巩固边防,维护社会稳定等方面发挥了一定的作用。在某种程度上成为社会减压阀,因而也就不可能成为农民起义的斗争对象。总之,宋代借贷业已发展形成一个比较完备的体系,官营借贷业发展迅速,借贷机构大量涌现,借贷市场出现,金融范畴已经萌芽;但是民间自由借贷仍占据主导地位,机构借贷也是业务形式单一,没有发展形成为近现代的银行,实物仍是借贷主要载体,救灾性、救急性的消费借贷仍是其主流。
[Abstract]:The lending industry is one of the most important economic categories in feudal society . In the Song Dynasty , the lending industry further developed with the development of economic , political and social life . The class composition of the borrowers in the Song Dynasty is complex , but the main body of the borrower is the bureaucrats , the businessmen and the landlords . People in the Song Dynasty depend on the borrowing and the surplus people almost all the class and stratum , but mainly the individual farmers . In Song Dynasty , real estate mortgage has three ways of " selling " , " leaning when " and " offsetting " . The government pays more attention to the adjustment of the relationship between creditor and debtor through legal means ; the repayment of debt has the active repayment , the official is to guarantee the stability of the social stability to pay off , the strong claim and so on . At the same time , the creditor ' s active repayment of debt - free situation is also multi - see . The private treasury is at the core position of the private borrowing , and the influence of the external influence is very large , and the influence is often negative , which hinders the normal development of the private lending industry . The Qinghai - Miao method has been introduced in the second two years of Shen Zong . After that , the Qinghai - Miao Law has been continuously improved in the course of its implementation . It has been applied to the flexible , practical and operational directions . The Qinghai - Miao Law has set up a self - up lending network through the organizational structure of the regime , and has been implemented in the border area . However , it has met the demand of the farmers ' partial borrowing , has increased the government revenue , has cracked the annexation power to a certain extent , and is a major breakthrough in the agricultural financial credit in China ' s history . During the period of Mr . Xi ' ning , the loan - collecting and interest - collecting business of the small and medium - sized businessman has taken a place in the economic activity of the fund - melting in the Song Dynasty . On the other hand , the government has to extend its limits , and the government has to extend its limits to the government ' s government - led credit cooperative organizations . In the meantime , the government has to extend its limits to the government - led credit cooperative organizations . However , in some extent , the government has to limit the suffering of the public , promote social stability and become one of the three big stores in China , which has a profound impact . The hidden theory of Buddhism is the theoretical basis for the borrowing of Buddhist temples in ancient China . There are three main sources of the borrowing of Buddhist temples in the Song Dynasty . The concept of causality is combined with the borrowing ethics of " good borrowing and good return " , " eager people " and " anti - demanding thick interest " , which constitute the lending ethics thought of ordinary borrowers . The thought of the control and borrowing of the official residence of " profit out of one hole " originated from the legal family such as Guan Zi , but on the basis of Zhou Li , the main idea is to control the lending industry through the state to achieve the purpose of suppressing mergers and acquisitions . Microsoft.TeamFoundation . Modeling.dll In the struggle between the rich and the poor , the official who does not interfere with the lending of the state does not interfere with the idea of borrowing and borrowing , which is generated in the struggle against the Qinghai - Miao law , and advocates the state not only to protect the interests of the borrowers such as the tenants , but also to protect the interests of the borrowers and other borrowers such as the rich and the like , and to oppose the state control lending . The loan industry in the Song Dynasty has played a certain role in the social reproduction and the last resort of life in the difficult period . It has played a certain role in promoting the development of the small - scale peasant economy . It has played a certain role in promoting the development of the commodity economy , consolidating the frontier defense and maintaining social stability . In short , Song Dynasty ' s lending has developed into a comparatively complete system , the development of the official lending industry is rapid , the lending institution has sprung up , the lending market appears , the financial category is already sprouting ; however , the private free loan still occupies the dominant position , and the institution borrowing is also the single form of the business form , and the physical borrowing is still the main carrier of lending , disaster relief and rescue of the acute consumption loan are still the main stream .

【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】