从周代君臣间隶属关系的演变看“委质为臣”

发布时间：2018-02-11 21:21

本文关键词： 周代君臣隶属关系委质为臣盟誓　出处：《陕西师范大学》2008年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 先秦文献中常见“委质为臣”,也称“策名委质”、“传质为臣”、“错质为臣”、“置质为臣”,古今各家对“委质为臣”的理解有一定的分歧。近人在古人研究的基础上,对“委质”进行了深入的分析,认为“委质”是一种与君臣隶属关系相关的政治礼仪。本文在前人研究的基础上,重点关注“委质”这一历史现象,从分析周代,即西周、春秋、战国三个历史分期君臣隶属关系的演变入手,结合各家对委质涵义的分析,把“委质”放入君臣关系演变的过程中进行讨论,以期更加透彻地理解委质的本质、历史地位以及历史作用。本文分为四大部分。第一部分,分析“委质”的含义、内容,指出“委质”出现于宗法关系开始松弛的春秋时期。这一时期社会关系重新组合,“委质”把从宗法等级中脱离出来的个人,重新安排进新的社会秩序。“委质为臣”是臣下通过一定的仪式把自己交付给主人,并通过盟誓表达绝不背主的诚信。“委质”之后终身事主,无有贰心。君臣间通过“委质”建立起个人之间的私人臣属关系,君臣关系的建立与解除摆脱了宗族、宗法的束缚。第二部分,分析了西周确立、巩固君臣关系的方式。西周时期宗法关系统制君臣关系,君臣之间由于宗法、分封的实行,而存在着天然的隶属关系。西周时期的君臣隶属关系通过分封策命来确立、稳固,基本不存在“委质为臣”情况。春秋时期,宗法关系开始松弛,君臣间天然隶属关系松动、解体。这一时期“盟”与“誓”相结合,君臣间借助“盟誓”来确定君臣隶属,“委质为臣”现象才大量出现。由于“委质为臣”是一种与盟誓相关的确立君臣关系的方式。本部分还将西周时期的“盟”与“誓”、春秋时期的“盟誓”以及“委质为臣”作了比较。西周时期的“盟”与“誓”有区别。“盟”与“誓”的掌控者均为周王,周王在“盟”、“誓”中拥有绝对的权威。这种权威与西周施行宗法、分封制相关。第三部分,分析战国时期的君臣关系,以及战国时代“委质为臣”所发生的变化。战国时期君上唯才是举,臣下惟利是图,君臣之间以利益为导向。“委质为臣”的方式已不再适用于新的历史时代,虽然仍然存在“委质”的说法,其内容、本质已发生了变化。第四部分,结语,对“委质为臣”的历史作用略作了分析。春秋时期宗法关系松弛,政治斗争激烈,“委质为臣”的出现一方面预示着君臣间原有宗法关系的解体;另一方面,也有利于建立了一种较为稳固的君臣隶属关系。
[Abstract]:In the literature of the Pre-Qin Dynasty, "the commission of quality is the minister", also known as "appointed by name", "transfer the quality as the minister", "the wrong quality is the minister", "put the quality as the minister". There are some differences in the understanding of the ancient and modern families on the "commission quality is the minister". This paper makes a deep analysis of "Wei quality", and thinks that "Wei quality" is a kind of political etiquette related to the subordinate relationship between monarch and subject. This paper focuses on the historical phenomenon of "committee quality" on the basis of previous studies, and analyzes the Zhou Dynasty, that is, the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the Spring and Autumn period, the evolution of the subordinate relationship between monarch and minister in three historical stages of the warring States period, combined with the analysis of the meaning of the committee quality, the "committee quality" was put into the process of the evolution of the relationship between the monarch and the minister, in order to understand the essence of the committee quality more thoroughly. Historical status and role of history. This paper is divided into four parts. In the first part, we analyze the meaning and content of "Committee quality", and point out that "Committee quality" appeared in the Spring and Autumn period when patriarchal relations began to relax. Rescheduling into the new social order. "the minister of commission is the subject of a certain ceremony to deliver himself to the master, and swear through the vow not to disobey the integrity of the Lord." after the "quality" of the lifelong victim, The personal relationship between monarch and minister was established by "commission", and the establishment and release of monarch and minister relationship from the bondage of clan and patriarchal clan. The second part analyzes the way of establishing and consolidating the relationship between monarchies and subjects in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the subordinate relationship between monarch and subject was established by means of the policy and order, and there was basically no situation of "commission quality as subject". In the Spring and Autumn period, the patriarchal relationship began to relax, and the natural subordinate relationship between monarch and minister became loose. Dissolution. The Union and the Oath of this period, With the help of "vows" to determine the subordinate of monarch and subject, the phenomenon of "commission quality as minister" appeared in large quantities. Because "commission quality as minister" is a way of establishing the relationship between monarch and subject related to vows, this part will also include the "alliance" of the Western Zhou Dynasty. There is a difference between "Union" and "oaths" in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The control of "Union" and "Oath" are all the kings of Zhou. Zhou Wang has absolute authority in Union and Oath. This authority is related to the patriarchal clan and the system of enfeoffment in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The third part analyzes the relationship between monarch and minister in the warring States period, and the changes that have taken place during the warring States period. The way of "appointing quality as subject" is no longer applicable to the new historical era, although there still exists the theory of "commission and quality", its content and essence have changed. In the 4th part, the conclusion makes a brief analysis of the historical role of "the commission of quality as the minister". During the Spring and Autumn period, the patriarchal relationship was slack and the political struggle was fierce. The appearance of "the commission as the minister" on the one hand foreshadowed the disintegration of the original patriarchal relationship between the monarch and the minister; on the other hand, Also conducive to the establishment of a more stable monarch subordinate relationship.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K224.07

【参考文献】