东周时期的立法与司法

发布时间：2018-02-20 23:10

本文关键词： 东周时期立法司法《周礼》交往行为理论程序理论　出处：《南开大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：东周时期，我国古代的立法与司法发生重大变化。东周时期立法、司法的宗旨与目的由维护宗法等级制向维护君主专制的官僚制转变。立法主体由春秋时期的多级立法主体向战国时期的单一立法主体转变，立法内容由不公开向公开转变，立法思想中神权立法思想逐渐削弱。春秋时期司法规则简单粗疏，战国时期趋向于细密化、制度化。在司法活动中，春秋时期宗法等级、亲亲原则发挥着重要作用，君权与族权交织在一起，宗法关系制约了司法权，战国时期国家权力在司法活动中的支配地位增强，宗法等级制对司法活动的影响日渐削弱。《周礼》一书对于东周时期法律研究具有重要意义。《周礼》描述了理想化的治国蓝图。《周礼》所述法的公布、司法职官、审理程序、审理期限、刑罚等等制度与东周时期的法律实践不尽相同。《周礼》中所述“束矢”、“钧金”之制，取象征意义，表示正直、清正，战国时期“钧金”之制罕见用于审理案件。《周礼》中所述“路鼓”、“肺石”、“嘉石”等制，据现有资料，在东周时期法律实践中不见采用。东周时期立法、司法的发展演变除了地理环境、东周时期生产力的发展等因素外，人们之间的交往活动也起着重要作用。交往行为理论认为交往与生产力的发展同样是社会发展的基本动力和基本形式。交往行为理论以语言哲学为基础，追求理想的话语情景，认为“生活世界”构成了人们交往的背景，生活世界分为“文化”、“社会”、“个性”三个层次，法律属于生活世界的“社会”这一层次。西周时期、春秋时期宗法等级制构成了人们的生活世界，同时又是人们的行为准则。然而在西周中期、春秋时期，宗法等级制的各种规则在人们的交往活动中渐渐不被严格遵守，违背宗法等级制的情况在周王室及诸侯国中不断出现，宗法等级的规则已经难以再像以前那样起到规范人与人之间关系、维护社会秩序的功能与作用，以维护宗法等级为宗旨的法律也难以再像以前那样起到惩罚作用。宗法等级制的合法性发生了危机。根据交往行为理论的逻辑发展，法律在人们之间的交往中占据中心地位。法律、法律语言在人们的交往活动中具有转换器的作用。法律包含着各种规则，通过交往行为在实际生活中所建立的社会关系，只能通过法律而具有抽象的普遍的约束力。因而在春秋中后期至战国前中期，诸侯国立法活动频繁，各国普遍重视法律的变革，立法、司法由维护宗法等级制向维护专制的官僚制转变。东周时期，郑国、晋国、秦国的发展道路的选择及郑国、晋国、秦国的法律制度对东周时期的历史面貌，甚至对中国古代历史发展进程有着深远的影响，晋国、秦国的法律变革尤为重要。战国时期，各诸侯国的变法活动确立了集权专制的统治秩序。通过法律确立的君主专制的官僚制又规制了人们之间的交往，构建了人们之间的交往的新生活世界。法律程序不只是用以实现实体法律的工具和手段，还承载和映现着独立于实体目标的价值内涵，具有一些独立于实体目标的、与其所要产生的结果无关的内在价值。立法、司法活动的首要目标是公平地解决当事人之间的冲突与纷争。东周时期的立法、司法虽然也强调法律的公正性，重视公正审理案件，但是由于东周时期社会历史条件的限制和人们对程序价值认识上的不足，在立法方面公开确认人们身份上的特权，在司法方面不同身份的人地位有别，，审理案件时存在着司法程序不公正现象。
[Abstract]:In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, ancient legislation and judicature in our country has undergone major changes. During the legislation, aim and purpose of justice by maintaining the patriarchal hierarchy to the bureaucratic monarchy. Change the maintenance of the legislative body by multilevel legislative body of the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, the single legislation main body change, not open to the public by legislative content change thoughts, theocratic legislation thought gradually weakened. The spring and Autumn period, the Warring States period, the judicial rules are simple and crude, tend to be fine and institutionalized. In judicial activities, the spring and Autumn period, the patriarchal clan, KISS principle play an important role, and the clan intertwined, patriarchal relationships restrict judicial power, enhance the power of state in the Warring States period the judicial activities in the dominant influence of patriarchal hierarchy of judicial activities gradually weakened.
"Zhou Li" a book has important significance. Zhou > describes the ideal blueprint for the country announced, Zhou said. "The judicial official, for the study of legal proceedings, during the trial period, the legal system and the practice of punishment and so on in the Eastern Zhou period is not the same. In the" Zhou Li "beam vector", "Jun Kim" of the system, the symbolic meaning, said upright, honest, the Warring States period "Jun gold" system for hearing the rare case. Zhou "road drum", "lung stone", "Jia Shi", according to the existing data, the practice of law in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the period of no use.
During the evolution of judicial legislation, in addition to the geographical environment, the factors during the development of the productive forces, interpersonal communication also plays an important role. The theory of communicative action that the development of communication and productivity is the basic driving force of social development and the basic form. The theory of communicative action is based on the philosophy of language, the pursuit of the ideal discourse situations, that "life world" constitutes people's background, the life world is divided into "culture", "society", "three levels of personality", this level of law belongs to the living world "society".
The Western Zhou Dynasty, the spring and Autumn period, the patriarchal hierarchy constitutes the life of people in the world, but it is also the code of conduct. However in the mid western Zhou Dynasty, the spring and Autumn period, the various rules of patriarchal clan system in people's communication activities gradually are not strictly abide by the patriarchal clan system, against the situation emerging in the Zhou royal family and the States. The patriarchal clan rule has been difficult as before to regulate the relations between man and man, the maintenance function and role of the social order, to maintain the patriarchal hierarchy for the purpose of the law is difficult to like before to punish. The crisis of legitimacy of the patriarchal clan system.
According to the logic of the development of the theory of communicative action, the law occupies a central position in the communication between people. The law, legal language has the role of converter in people's communication activities. The law contains various rules, through established communication behavior in real life social relations by law only has the abstract universal binding so in the late spring and Autumn period to the Warring States in the previous term state legislative activity, all countries attach importance to the change of the law, legislation, judicial safeguard by the patriarchal hierarchy to the bureaucratic system maintenance change autocracy. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty period, Zheng Guo, Jin, and Zheng Guo, the road of development of Qin Jin, history of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty the legal system of the state of Qin, and even have a profound effect on the development history of ancient Chinese Jin, Qin legal reform is particularly important. During the Warring States period, the princes of the country's reform. The authoritarian dictatorship was established by law. The monarchical bureaucracy established by law also regulates the communication between people and constructs a new life world between people.
The legal program not only for the realization of substantive legal tools and means, but also reflects the value connotation of bearing and independent entity, has some independent entity, intrinsic value and to produce results independent. The legislation, the judicial activity is the primary goal of fair resolution of conflicts and disputes between the parties. During the judicial legislation, although also stressed the justice of law, pay attention to fair trial of the case, but because of the social and historical conditions in the Eastern Zhou period limit and people's lack of understanding of the value of the procedure in the legislation, publicly confirmed the identity of people on the privileges in the judicial aspect the identity of the person different position is different, the trial of the case when there a judicial injustice phenomenon.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D929;K225

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