明清山东商贾精神研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 14:13

本文关键词： 山东商人明清时期商贾精神　出处：《山东大学》2007年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本文以明清时期山东商贾精神为研究对象,以地方志、明清文集笔记、政协文史资料等为基本史料。在吸收前人相关研究成果的基础上,进行较深入的探讨。力求对明清山东商贾兴起的历史背景、人员构成、资本来源、经营区域、经营原则、价值取向及宗教信仰等作出理性、客观地考察,以便从中提炼出明清山东商贾的精神气质。本文共分六章。本文第一章,首先介绍明清时期山东商人兴起的历史背景。本章又从六个方面对其展开论述。第一节,着重分析当时山东地区的人地矛盾。由于这一时期山东地区人口增长速度远远超过了土地的增长速度,许多人占有的土地减少,仅靠土地已无法满足生活,于是大量劳动力从土地上转移出来,其中一部分开始从事商业贸易。第二节,论述了明清时期山东地区的赋役改革,即“一条鞭法”和“地丁银”的实施推广情况。赋役制度改革,使普通百姓获得更多人身自由,为他们从事商业运营提供了制度保障。第三节,重点探讨了山东地区的交通条件。便利的水运和陆路交通,为商人的贸易提供了方便。第四、五两节,探讨明清山东商品经济的繁荣情况。主要探讨农产品、工矿产的商品化和商业城镇的兴起情况。这是商人兴起的物资条件。第六节,主要描述地方官吏和开明士绅对商业秩序的维护。这为商人的经营提供了良好的商业秩序。第二章,探讨了商人的构成、资本来源及其主要经营区域。商人的构成主要有三部分:一是官僚、地主;二是儒生;三是普通百姓。而普通百姓又是商人的主要来源阶层。商人的资本也有多种来源渠道:一是自家富余资金;二是倾家所有;三是借贷;四是领东家资本;五是其他来源。山东商人的经营区域比较广泛,主要分为省内经营,跨省流动,贸易国外等三种形式。商人们根据自己的资本大小和经营能力分别选取了不同的区域进行经营。第三章,主要探讨山东商人经营活动中所体现的商贾精神。通过对史料的分析,归纳出了山东商人的主要经营策略:勤苦耐劳的创业精神;诚信不欺的交易原则;货真价实的质量观;善待顾客;善于把握商机;善于用人;注重宣传;团结互助;借势官府等九个方面。这些交易原则既体现了山东商人的“重义轻利”的一面,又体现了山东商人的灵活机动性。第四章,重点探讨了山东商人社会伦理中所体现的商贾精神。许多山东商人的经商目的是为了解决家人的温饱。因此当他们经商致富后,首先把挣来的钱用于孝敬父母,体贴家人;其次是帮助朋友、乡人或他人;第三是投资于社会公益。这充分体现了山东商人既重视人伦关系,又热心社会公益、勇担社会责任的情怀。第五章,着重探讨了山东商人的宗教信仰对其精神气质的影响。首先分析了山东商人所信仰的神灵,并在此基础上归纳出了山东商人信仰的庞杂性、功利性和开放性特点。接下来又进一步分析了山东商人宗教信仰对其商业伦理的影响。这种影响既有正面的,亦有反面的。既推动了商业的发展,又限制了传统商人向现代商人的转化。第六章,重点分析了明清山东商人生活对世风的影响。由于商人占有大量的财富,他们开始在吃、穿、婚丧等方面打破传统礼制的束缚,极尽铺张之能事,尽显豪华之排场。商人的行为推动了社会奢靡风气的蔓延,加速了社会的失序。通过对山东商人经商行为、日常生活、宗教信仰等诸层面的考察,归纳出了山东商人“以诚待人、以义制利,厚重而不失变通”的商业伦理;“重亲情,敦和睦”的家庭伦理;“热心社会公益,勇担社会责任”的社会伦理。这就是明清山东商贾的主要精神气质。在此基础上,进一步挖掘出了规约山东商贾行为的内在要素。
[Abstract]:Based on the research achievements of Shangjia in Ming and Qing dynasties , this paper makes a deeper discussion on the historical background , composition , capital source , operating region , operating principle , value orientation and religious belief of Shangjia in Ming and Qing Dynasty . The first chapter introduces the historical background of the rise of Shandong merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties . In the first part , the author focuses on the analysis of the people ' s contradictions in Shandong . The second chapter discusses the composition of businessman , the source of capital and its main business area . The composition of businessman mainly includes three parts : one is bureaucracy , landlords , two is Confucianism , three are ordinary people , while ordinary people are the main source stratum of businessman . The third chapter mainly discusses the merchant ' s spirit embodied in the business activities of Shandong merchants . Through the analysis of historical materials , the main business strategies of Shandong businessmen are summed up : the principle of hard work and hard work , good faith , good quality , good faith , good ability to grasp the opportunity , good people , publicity , solidarity and mutual assistance , and the official government . These principles not only reflect the " heavy and light " side of Shandong businessmen , but also reflect the flexibility of Shandong businessmen . The fourth chapter focuses on the merchant ' s spirit embodied in the social ethics of merchants in Shandong . Many Shandong businessmen are responsible for solving the food and clothing of their families . Therefore , when they are rich , they first use the money earned for their parents and their families ; secondly , to help friends , people or others ; and thirdly , to invest in social public goods . This fully reflects the fact that Shandong businessmen attach great importance to the relationship between human ethics and social public welfare and support social responsibility . The fifth chapter focuses on the influence of the religious beliefs of Shandong merchants on their spiritual temperament . Firstly , the author analyzes the spirit of Shandong businessman ' s belief , and then sums up the influence of Shandong businessman ' s religious belief on its business ethics . This influence has both positive and negative effects . It promotes the development of commerce and restricts the transformation of traditional businessmen to modern businessmen . Chapter 6 focuses on the analysis of the influence of businessmen ' s life on the world wind in the Ming and Qing Dynasties . As a result of the great wealth of businessmen , they began to break the shackles of traditional etiquette in terms of eating , wearing , marriage and so on . Through the investigation of the business behavior , daily life , religious belief and other aspects of Shandong merchants , this article sums up the business ethics of Shangjia in Shandong Province . It is the social ethics of " the social public welfare and the duty of social responsibility " . This is the main spiritual temperament of Shangjia in Ming and Qing Dynasty . On this basis , the internal factors of the behavior of Shangjia in Shandong Province are further excavated .

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】