两汉忠君观念研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 05:10

本文选题：两汉忠君观念　切入点：君主多元化　出处：《河北师范大学》2003年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： “忠”，《说文解字》释为：“敬也。尽心曰忠。从心。中声。”它是一定社会形态在思想意识和语言文字上的反映，表现为对他人、社会的一种责任心和道德行为。它随着社会的变迁而发展变化。春秋战国时期，“忠”开始被普遍的运用在政治领域中。此时的诸子百家都以它为旗帜，宣扬自己的政见。以《左传》为例，其中的“忠”在当时一是作为一种公平的政治竞争原则；二是逐渐成为下事上的政治准则之一。战国时期出现了“忠臣”一词，表明“忠”的等级尊卑色彩已经很明显了。但是此时处于诸侯割据混战时期，君主多元化使得忠君具有很大的相对性。秦始皇统一六国后，建立起了专制主义中央集权的大一统国家，忠君观念大盛，忠君也被注入了新的内容，开始走向严格化和规范化。忠君成为臣下对皇帝必尽的义务和责任。汉承秦，对忠君观念从思想、理论等方面作了进一步完善。忠君观念深入人心，使得忠臣大批的涌现，这对皇朝的延续起了重要的作用。东汉一朝的外戚、宦官掌权的现象严重，但仍延续了三十多年才灭亡，其忠臣的作用是不可忽视的。两汉以察举制和征辟制为主要的选官制度，由此造成了举荐者与被举荐者之间的一种知恩图报的关系，，从两者的人际称谓和所尽的义务来看都带有君臣之义的性质和色彩。这在两汉是普遍现象，东汉尤甚。因此，两汉的忠君包含了忠于皇帝之外的内容。忠君观念的泛化在皇朝稳定和兴盛时是向心力，但在皇朝衰落时期就表现出了它的巨大的破坏力。东汉后期，忠臣们为了挽救皇朝的危亡不惜抛头颅、洒热血，在同宦官和外戚的斗争中作出了巨大的牺牲，这与忠君观念的影响有很大的关系。但是当一切的努力都于事无补时，失望的情绪便弥散开来，再加上此时支持东汉皇朝存在的天命论的衰微，大大地削弱了人们的忠君观念。最终，士大夫们心中的忠君观念趋于衰微，他们开始投奔新君或者转入对自己内心世界的经营，在沉默中等待新的皇朝的到来。
[Abstract]:"Loyalty", < ShuoWenJieZi > release: "respect. With Yue Zhong. From the heart. In the sound." it is a reflection of certain social forms in ideology and language, for others, a sense of responsibility and moral behavior of the society. Its development and change with the change of society.
The spring and Autumn period, the "loyalty" began to be used in the field of politics. At this time, all classes of authors are using it as a banner to promote their political views. In "Zuozhuan > as an example, the" loyalty "is at the time as a fair political competition principle; two is gradually become one of the political criterion things. During the Warring States period appeared" loyal "," loyalty "shows that the level of hierarchy of color has been very obvious. But at this point in the feudal rule during the melee, the monarch has diversified the loyalty is relatively large.
Qin Shihuang Tongyiliuguo, established a unified national centralized despotism, great conception of loyalty, loyalty is the new content, began to be strict and standardized. Being loyal to the obligations and responsibilities of subjects of the emperor will do. Han Qin, the concept of loyalty from the thought, theory etc. to further improve the conception of loyalty. A large number of loyal people, makes emerge, the continuation of the dynasty played an important role. The Eastern Han Dynasty the dukes, eunuch power phenomenon is serious, but still lasted more than thirty years before its demise, his role is not to be ignored.
The Han Dynasty to the election system and the pi system for system of election officials, resulting in a relationship between gratitude and recommend those who were recommended by nature and color from the appellation and obligation of view with righteousness between the monarch and his ministers. This is a common phenomenon in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty so especially. And being loyal to the emperor included content outside. The conception of loyalty is the generalization of the centripetal force in Dynasty stability and prosperity, but in the period of decline of Dynasty showed the destructive force of it.
The late Eastern Han Dynasty, the loyal ministers in order to save the dynastic peril even shed, shed blood, in the same family and Eunuch in the struggle has made great sacrifice, which has a great relationship with the influence of the conception of loyalty. But when all efforts are disappointed It doesn't help the situation. when they are spread, plus the support Han Dynasty of fatalism declined greatly weakened people's conception of loyalty. Finally, literati hearts of the concept of loyalty tends to decline, they began to turn to the new king or the inner world of his own business, in silence waiting for the new arrival of the dynasty.

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K234

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