北魏宗室阶层授爵略论

发布时间：2018-03-26 11:37

本文选题：北魏　切入点：宗室　出处：《社会科学辑刊》2013年04期

【摘要】：北魏宗室阶层是代人统治集团的轴心和骨干,宗室爵制更关乎北魏的统治结构和国运隆衰,诸帝皆重其事,不断调整。就爵制演变而言,其广泛授爵始于道武帝登国元年,拓跋始祖神元帝力微的全体后裔皆可凭借复国战争的军功获得公、侯、伯、子、男五等贵族爵;皇始、天兴年间爵制调整,宗室爵位普遍晋升并超越异姓勋贵跻身于国家的最高领导层;天赐爵制则奠定了宗室事功酬赏和宗法分封两类获爵途径以及皇子与非皇子序列的爵级差别。至孝文帝时依据汉人丧礼五服制对宗室授爵制度进行改造,爵位数量和等级在宗室各房支间的均衡配比被彻底打破,皇帝的有服宗亲成为授爵的绝对主体,出服疏宗则渐趋边缘化。就授爵时段、数量、类型而言,道武、太武、孝文朝和孝明、孝庄朝,大批宗室因事功授爵;明元、文成、献文和宣武朝,因承平日久宗室怠惰因循,授爵多因宗法承继、推恩、裙带关系而来,事功授爵者数量渐稀。可以说,平城时代与洛阳时代宗室授爵类型的占比转变,已成为考量北魏政权生命力的重要标尺。
[Abstract]:The patriarchal stratum of the Northern Wei Dynasty is the axis and backbone of the ruling group of the people of the generation. The monarchical system is more related to the ruling structure of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the prosperity and decline of the country, and all the emperors are heavy on their affairs and are constantly adjusting. As far as the evolution of the imperial system is concerned, its extensive award of knighthood began in the first year of Dao Wu Di's entry into the country. All the descendants of Tuoba's ancestors, gods and emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, were able to obtain dukes, Marquis, Berbers, sons, men and five aristocrats by virtue of the military achievements of the Rebellion War; at the beginning of the emperor, the imperial system was adjusted during the reign of Tianxing. The rank of monarch was promoted to the highest leadership of the country. On the other hand, the system of divine viscount established two kinds of ways to obtain the honor, such as the reward for meritorious service and the letter of the patriarchal clan, and the difference of the rank between the emperor and the non-imperial son. At the time of filial piety, the system was reformed according to the five suits system of the funeral ceremony of the Han people. The balanced proportion of the number and rank of titles among the houses and branches of the monarch was completely broken, and the emperor's royal relatives became the absolute subject of the conferment, and the outcast became marginalized. In terms of the period, quantity, type, Taoist and Taiwu, the number and type of knighthood were gradually marginalized. Filial piety and filial piety, filial piety and Zhuang dynasty, a large number of patriarchal families were awarded honor for service; Ming and Yuan dynasties, Wencheng, contributions and Xuanwu dynasties, because of the long history of the emperors' idler, the Jue more came because of the patriarchal lineage, the promotion of grace, and the nepotism. It can be said that the conversion of the proportion of imperial clans in Pingcheng period and Luoyang era has become an important yardstick to consider the vitality of the Northern Wei regime.
【作者单位】：吉林大学文学院古籍研究所;
【基金】：黑龙江省哲学社会科学规划青年项目(12C011) 吉林大学基本科研业务费科学前沿与交叉学科创新项目(2012QY046) 吉林大学“985工程”建设基金项目
【分类号】：K239.21;D691.42

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