宋代茶俗与行业经济问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-26 17:15

本文选题：宋代　切入点：茶俗　出处：《郑州大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：中国是茶的发源地,饮茶历史悠久。茶叶自神农时代开始被使用,从战国时期的巴蜀地区开始向外传播。当饮茶逐渐成为人们生活中不可分割的一部分时,也就形成了我们所说的茶俗。茶俗是与待客、结婚、丧仪、祭祀、宗教、民族风情等方面相结合而形成的习俗和各种茶的礼仪。茶俗无处不在,人们在种茶、制茶、烹茶、品茶、饮茶等方面所形成的某种风俗,亦属于茶俗的范畴。茶俗文化的发展不断推动茶业经济的发展,而茶业经济的发展又反过来直接推动了茶俗文化的发展进程。对于茶文化而言,茶叶是个重要载体,由此使得饮茶上升到精神层面的东西或理念,这就是茶文化。中国茶文化的起源可追溯至汉代,到唐代茶成为普通人家的饮品,茶业经济真正兴盛起来,自此以后,茶业作为一个重要的经济领域,对政府财政收入的增加、商业经济的发展、边区的社会稳定与进步,以及人们的日常生活等方面,都发挥着重要的作用。南北朝时期借力于佛教的盛行,茶业经济进一步发展。到五代时期,茶马贸易兴盛,出现了与边疆少数民族之间的茶业贸易。以上都为宋代茶业经济的发展和繁荣奠定了基础。自宋代以降,茶文化日益发展和繁荣,这个时期的茶书自成体例,详细记录了北苑贡茶等名品,为后人研究茶文化提供了珍贵的资料。宋代茶文化的独特性,首先是点茶法和贡茶的发展,以及斗茶的兴盛,这些茶品的研制和比争活动,直接促进了宋代制茶工艺的提高和茶著的增多；其次是市民茶文化的兴盛,市民茶文化为宋代茶文化增添了新的元素；最后是茶艺和有关茶的礼仪,以及由茶艺结合儒释道精神升华之茶道,由此展现了宋代茶文化特有的韵味和气质。宋代诸多的茶类诗词、歌赋、对联以及茶专著等书面形式的茶文化,又对饮茶之风起了重要的宣传和助推作用。从唐至宋,茶业经济在政府财政收入、军事和政治方面占据重要地位。为此宋太祖时开始实行“榷茶”,即政府实施专卖制,垄断茶业利益。虽然茶利充盈了宋代的财政,但是榷茶制度却在很大程度上阻碍了茶的生产和流通,导致私贩猖獗,且大量茶利被茶商攫取,政府为保证茶利滥施刑罚,招致民怨。同时,军事形势也要求宋政府改革茶法,重新分配官府、商人与园户之间的利益。宋代共经历了十余次茶法改革,其中入中茶法、三说法、现钱法、嘉yP通商法与政和茶法影响较大,但总体而言,其实是榷茶法和通商法的博弈。根据全国不同产茶地区的情况采取分法而治的政策,也是宋代茶法的重要特征,即榷茶法和通商法从来都没有统一施行于各个地区,更多的时候是二者并行,此消彼长。尽管宋代茶法多次变革导致了一些混乱,茶法对茶业经济的管制在促进社会经济发展上具有其消极的一面,但从总体上讲,宋代茶法变革及其实施的积极作用是不可忽视的。宋代茶业经济的快速发展,生产和销售规模的不断扩大,市场逐渐规模化、网络化推进,从而形成相对完善的初级市场、中转市场和终端消费市场,并建立起相互协调、互为支撑的国内市场秩序。市场经济的繁荣,也推动了宋代茶叶边疆贸易和海外贸易的发展。宋代茶业经济的发展,首先为政府提供了巨额的茶利来源,也通过茶马贸易满足了对战马的需求,维护了边境地区的稳定,增强了民族的凝聚力和向心力,成为维持汉族和周边少数民族友好稳定关系的纽带,这在积贫积弱的宋代无疑显示出十分重要的意义；在民生方面形成了以茶叶为中心,将众多商品纳入交换过程的有机体系,很大程度影响了人们的文化生活和社会交往；宋代茶业经济发展最主要的作用,在于密切了农民与市场的联系,促进了农产品商业化程度的提高,壮大了商品经济在社会经济中的份额。
[Abstract]:China is the birthplace of tea and has a long history of tea drinking . Tea has been used since the age of Shennong . It has become an integral part of people ' s life . It also forms the custom of tea custom . Tea custom is the category of tea custom . The development of tea custom culture promotes the development of tea industry economy , and the development of tea industry is in turn promoting the development process of tea custom culture .

Tea culture is an important carrier for tea culture , which leads to the rising of the tea culture to the spiritual level . This is the tea culture . The origin of Chinese tea culture can be traced back to the Han Dynasty . After that , the tea industry has played an important role as an important economic field . After that , tea industry plays an important role in the development of the government revenue , the development of commercial economy , the social stability and progress of the border area , and the daily life of people .

Since the Song Dynasty , tea culture has become more and more developed and prosperous , the tea books in this period are self - made , and the famous products such as Beiyuan tribute tea are recorded in detail . The unique characteristics of tea culture in Song Dynasty are the development of tea culture in Song Dynasty , the development of tea culture and the prosperity of bucket tea , which directly promoted the improvement of tea processing technology and the increase of tea leaves in the Song Dynasty .
The second is the prosperity of the public tea culture , and the public tea culture adds new elements to the tea culture in the Song Dynasty ;
Finally , the tea art and the tea ceremony , as well as the tea ceremony , which is sublimated by the tea art and Confucianism , show the unique flavor and temperament of the tea culture in the Song Dynasty . The tea culture in the Song Dynasty , such as the tea poetry , the song Fu , the couplets and the tea monograph , played an important role in propaganda and boosting .

From Tang to Song Dynasty , the economy of tea industry plays an important role in the government revenue , military and political affairs . In this regard , the government implements exclusive tea , which is the benefit of monopoly tea industry .

The rapid development of the tea industry in the Song Dynasty , the expanding of the scale of production and sales , the gradual scale of the market and the promotion of the network , thus forming a relatively perfect primary market , the transfer market and the terminal consumer market , and the establishment of the domestic market order which are mutually coordinated and mutually supportive . The development of the tea industry in the Song Dynasty has also promoted the development of the frontier trade and overseas trade of the tea industry in the Song Dynasty .
In the aspect of people ' s livelihood , it has formed the organic system taking tea as the center and integrating many commodities into the exchange process , which greatly affects people ' s cultural life and social interaction ;
The main function of the economic development of tea industry in the Song Dynasty lies in the close relationship between the farmers and the market , the promotion of the improvement of the commercialization degree of agricultural products , and the expansion of the share of the commodity economy in the social economy .

【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】