明代言官群体研究
发布时间:2018-04-05 07:39
本文选题:明代 切入点:言官群体 出处:《华中师范大学》2007年博士论文
【摘要】: 明代言官是给事中和御史的合称,其组织机构为六科和都察院。适应明代专制皇权高度发展的需要,明代的言官建制吸取了历代经验教训,在言官的职权、选任、考核、升黜等方面更为严密和完善,成为历史上最为完备的言官制度。 与明代言官建制的完备相适应,明代有一支庞大的言官群体。与历代言官及明朝其他官僚群体相比,明代言官群体具有人员众多、选任精粹、位卑权重、升迁迅捷、东南为盛等特征。基于对自身职业利益和风险的体认,以及社会对言官的认同,言官群体形成了独特的群体意识,他们以忠君报国为信仰,在价值观念上追求内圣外王,并奉行“宁鸣而死,不默而生”的职业道德。在群体分类上,以精神气节为标准,明代言官群体在总体上可分为忠正和奸邪两种基本对立的类型,其中明中期以前忠正型言官为多,奸邪型言官则以晚明居多。 言官群体对明朝国运及明代政治格局产生的作用和影响,,主要通过言官与周边群体的互动表现出来,诸如皇帝、阁臣、宦官、地方官、民众等。从言官群体与中央权力关系及对地方政治的影响来看,明代言官在巩固皇权,维护朝纲,纠举官邪,整肃吏治,维护明代国家机器的正常运转等方面,起了相当重要的作用。尤其是明中期以后,言官群体力量增长,群发性事件增多,在一些重大事件中往往群体行动,彼此声援应和,对明代政治产生较大影响。不过,言官群体在明朝所起的作用前后分途。从总体来看,嘉靖以前特别是明前期,言官发挥的作用基本上是积极正面的,这与这一时期政治较清明、皇帝素质尚好、言官群体素质较高、群臣持正为公以及世风淳正等因素密切相关。嘉靖以后,言官群体不断分化蜕变,各种恶劣习气在言官群体中滋长蔓延,为腐朽的明末政治推波助澜,最终与国偕亡。言官群体的蜕变及其对明朝所起的负面作用,是受多种错综复杂的因素综合作用渐变所致,这些因素包括言官制度的逐步崩坏,社会变迁给言官带来潜移默化影响,以及言官职业风险日益增大等。 明代言官制度虽然完备,但其实际运行效果有限,根源在于专制体制的属性以及由此导致的监控体制的缺陷。明代言官群体的命运与明朝国运是一致的,没有摆脱初则生气勃勃、继而因循、然后衰败的历史周期循环轨迹。言官群体中忠正言官的悲剧命运及晚明众多言官无奈的蜕变,揭示了传统社会晚期专制皇权日益膨胀,以及士大夫地位日趋低下的状况。
[Abstract]:In Ming Dynasty, Yan Guan is a joint name for Shi Zhong and Yu Shi, and its organization is six branches and the Capital Court.Adapting to the needs of the high development of the autocratic imperial power in the Ming Dynasty, the speech officer system of the Ming Dynasty absorbed the experience and lessons of the past dynasties, and became the most complete speech officer system in history.In accordance with the perfect system of Yan-Guan in Ming Dynasty, there was a large group of Yan-Guan in Ming Dynasty.Compared with other bureaucratic groups in the Ming Dynasty, the Yanguan group of Ming Dynasty had the characteristics of numerous personnel, excellent selection, inferior weight, rapid promotion and prosperity in the southeast.Based on the recognition of their professional interests and risks, as well as the recognition of the speech officials in the society, the Yan Guan group has formed a unique group consciousness. They believe in serving the country with loyalty to the monarch, pursue internal and external kings in their values, and pursue "peace and death".The work ethic of not living in silence.In terms of group classification, according to the standard of spiritual integrity, the group of Yan Guan in Ming Dynasty can be divided into two basic opposing types: loyalty and evil, in which, before the middle of Ming Dynasty, most of them were loyal and upright, and most of them were in the late Ming Dynasty.The role and influence of the Yan Guan group on the Ming Dynasty national movement and the political pattern of the Ming Dynasty were mainly expressed through the interaction between the Yan Guan and the surrounding groups, such as the emperor, ministers, eunuchs, local officials, people and so on.From the perspective of the relationship between the group of officials and the power of the central government and its influence on local politics, the officials of the Ming Dynasty played a very important role in consolidating the imperial power, maintaining the imperial order, rectifying the evil of the officials, purging the officials and maintaining the normal operation of the state machinery in the Ming Dynasty.Especially after the middle of Ming Dynasty, the strength of the Yan Guan group increased and the mass incidents increased. In some important events, the group often acted in solidarity with each other, which had a great influence on the politics of the Ming Dynasty.However, the Yan Guan group played a role in the Ming Dynasty before and after the separation.In general, before Jiajing, especially in the early Ming Dynasty, the role played by the Yanguan was basically positive, which was better than that of Pure Brightness in politics during this period, the quality of the emperor was still good, and the quality of the speaking officials was relatively high.Groups of officials are holding public and Shi Feng Chun Zheng and other factors are closely related.After Jiajing, the Yan Guan group continued to differentiate and change, and all kinds of bad habits grew and spread among the speech officials group, which contributed to the decadent politics in the late Ming Dynasty and eventually died with the country.The transformation of the Yan Guan group and its negative effect on the Ming Dynasty were caused by a variety of complicated factors, including the gradual collapse of the Yan Guan system and the subtle influence of the social changes on the language officials.As well as the increasing professional risks of language officials, and so on.Although the Yanguan system of Ming Dynasty is complete, its actual operation effect is limited, which originates from the attribute of autocratic system and the defects of monitoring system caused by it.The fate of the Yan Guan group in the Ming Dynasty was consistent with the Ming Dynasty's national luck. It did not get rid of the vitality of the early period and then followed the path of the historical cycle of decline.The tragic fate of loyal officials and the helpless transformation of many officials in the late Ming Dynasty revealed the increasing expansion of autocratic imperial power in the late traditional society and the increasingly low status of literati and officials.
【学位授予单位】:华中师范大学
【学位级别】:博士
【学位授予年份】:2007
【分类号】:K248
【引证文献】
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2 冯明;张居正改革群体研究[D];华中师范大学;2011年
3 李佳;论明代的君臣冲突[D];东北师范大学;2011年
4 郑翠斌;清末政治漩涡中的御史(1894-1911)[D];河北师范大学;2013年
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2 王江荷;清末民初(1862-1918)教师群体近代化历史演进考略[D];西北师范大学;2010年
3 吴晓璐;明代舆论研究[D];重庆大学;2011年
4 马艳丽;明清御史制度比较研究[D];东北师范大学;2008年
5 王倩;监察御史和晚清政局[D];华中师范大学;2008年
6 于坤;明代言官与擅权宦官关系探讨[D];云南大学;2010年
7 熊敏;张四维与张居正关系研究[D];华中师范大学;2012年
8 石磊;赵统年谱[D];西北大学;2013年
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