士与礼—春秋知识阶层研究

发布时间：2018-04-08 09:36

本文选题：士　切入点：礼　出处：《浙江大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】：春秋知识阶层的产生和兴起与礼有密切关系。士是中国古代知识阶层的代名词,其本义是任事者之称,同时具有学习文化知识的含义。春秋之士包括在野之士与在朝之士两大类。礼是天道观与鬼神祭祀的产物,包括制度、道德及礼典三个层面的内涵,富含人文主义精神,是士的身份象征,也是士的生活方式。春秋时期,王纲解纽,诸侯争霸,天道观发生动摇,社会对礼的重视空前加强。士在一系列争霸战争中的重要性逐渐凸显。春秋中晚期,社会动荡,士阶层的数量进一步扩大。经过孔子及其弟子的努力,中国传统的礼进入了礼学阶段,这也标志着中国古代知识阶层的诞生。作为知识阶层的“士”兴起于春秋时期,其表征有三：孔子提出了重建社会秩序的理论与方法；孔子弟子突起于鲁国政坛；学习礼乐文化知识蔚然成风。士具有明显的地域性差异,在一定程度上影响了知识阶层不同学派的产生。其中鲁国之士重道德、长于礼仪；晋国之士忠君不贰,重法守职,崇尚功利；楚国之士热衷礼乐文化,但对国家的忠诚度不高；宋国之士信鬼神,尚古礼；郑国之士明于利害,勇于革新。在春秋礼制的熏陶下,不同区域的士也具有某些相同之处,他们普遍具有强烈的出仕精神,好学而尚武,讲究辞令,重视外在形象与内心修养。孔子是春秋知识阶层的的代表人物,其一生可以分为求学教学期、出仕求仕期以及晚年教学期三个阶段。孔子及其弟子对礼乐文化的传承贡献巨大。他在整理和改良礼制时遵循了从周、从俭及从义三个原则。孔子的思想与礼密不可分,其仁学思想、义利观、忠信思想、慎独思想以及乐以忘忧的精神都直接或间接地源于春秋礼制。孔子还将士的礼容简化为“体、色、言”三个方面。此外,春秋变法之士、道家早期人物以及隐士也大都精通春秋礼制。变法之士之所以开展变法活动,主要基于其本国的社会发展和政治斗争,并非受到戎狄部族的影响；老子推崇天道,并不反对礼与仁,只是反对片面的智；隐士远离政治,又对社会现实有深刻认识。
[Abstract]:The emergence and rise of the intellectual class in the Spring and Autumn period are closely related to the ceremony.The scholar is the synonym of the intellectual class in ancient China, its original meaning is the person who serves, and has the meaning of learning the cultural knowledge at the same time.The Spring and Autumn period includes two categories: those who are in opposition and those who are in court.Ritual is the product of the worship of gods and spirits, including the connotation of system, morality and ritual, which is rich in humanism, the status symbol of scholars and the way of life of scholars.During the Spring and Autumn period, Wang Gang, vying for hegemony by the princes, wavered in the view of Heaven and Taoism, and the society paid unprecedented attention to ritual.The importance of Scholars in a series of wars for hegemony gradually became apparent.The late Spring and Autumn period, social unrest, the number of scholars further expanded.Through the efforts of Confucius and his disciples, the traditional Chinese ritual entered the stage of ritual learning, which also marked the birth of the ancient Chinese intellectual class.As a intellectual class, Scholars rose in the Spring and Autumn period, which were characterized by three characteristics: Confucius put forward the theory and method of re-establishing social order, Confucius disciples sprang up in the politics of Lu, and it became popular to study the culture of etiquette and music.Scholars have obvious regional differences, which to some extent affect the emergence of different schools of knowledge.Among them, the people of the State of Lu attach great importance to morality and are good at etiquette; those of the State of Jin are loyal to the monarch, abide by the law and observe their duties, and advocate utilitarian interests; the people of the State of Chu are keen on the culture of etiquette and music, but their loyalty to the country is not high; the scholars of the Song Dynasty believe in ghosts and gods, Shang Gu Li; and the people of the State of Zheng know what is at stake.Be bold in innovation.Under the influence of the Spring and Autumn ceremony, different regional taxis also have some similarities, they generally have a strong spirit of official, studious and martial, pay attention to rhetoric, pay attention to external image and inner cultivation.Confucius is a representative figure of the intellectual class in the Spring and Autumn period, whose life can be divided into three stages: the period of studying and teaching, the period of seeking official office and the period of teaching in his later years.Confucius and his disciples made great contributions to the inheritance of ritual and music culture.He followed three principles: from Zhou Dynasty, from frugality to righteousness.Confucius' thought is closely related to propriety. His thoughts of benevolence, righteousness and benefit, loyalty and faithfulness, being cautious and independent, and the spirit of happiness and sorrow are derived directly or indirectly from the ritual system of the Spring and Autumn period.Confucius also simplified the ceremonial countenance into three aspects: body, color and speech.In addition, the Spring and Autumn Reform, Taoist early figures and hermits are also proficient in the Spring and Autumn ceremony.The reason for the reform activities of the reformists was mainly based on the social development and political struggle in their own country, and was not influenced by the Jung Di clan. Laozi respected Heaven and did not oppose ceremony and benevolence, but only opposed to one-sided wisdom; the hermit was far from politics.Also has the profound understanding to the social reality.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K225

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