先秦城市的长时段比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-13 15:07

本文选题：长时段 + 城市　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：在中国文明起源和发展的学术研究中，“城市”一直是学界颇为关注的课题，而先秦城市作为中国城市起源与发展的重要阶段更成为学者经常探讨的对象，但是科学的先秦城市研究却是在考古学引入中国以后的事情。随着先秦时期考古城址发现数量的增多，对于城市起源与发展的研究也逐渐趋向深入，先秦城市的面貌也逐渐清晰起来，对这一阶段城市的发展演变进行综合性研究也基本具备了条件，但是如何使用这些庞杂的考古资料则因涉及到了理论和方法问题而见仁见智。本文借鉴了布罗代尔的长时段理论，试图从长时段的角度出发，运用比较的方法，对先秦时期城市的发展演变进行综合性的研究。目的就是通过完整的把握中国初期城市的发展轨迹，进而更深层次地探讨其发展演变的内在动力。城市不是从来就有的。在不同的地区，城市的发生发展也是各不相同的。中国早期城市的形成发展及其演变经历了相当长的一段时间。而在推动和影响中国早期城市发展演变的诸多因素中，有三种因素占主要地位，即政治、经济和地理。从一个较长的时段来看，这三种因素在不同的时期，作用和影响力也各不相同。在龙山时代，出现了一种较普遍的考古现象：城堡。它区别于一般聚落遗址的显著标志就是城墙，而且从遗址的内涵来分析，这些有城墙的聚落发展水平要略高于一般性聚落。而中国早期城市的发生可能正是源自于龙山时代聚落的分化。龙山时代生产的发展造成了贫富的分化，由此而导致战争掠夺的出现，为保卫自身和本部族的财产，便出现了这种有城墙的聚落。但是城堡的发生原因则存在着地域差异。通过对大量考古城址的整理和比较，在不同的地区，城址的考古特征各不相同，而且差异很大。这种显著的地域特征把我们的注意力集中到了地理结构上，通过比较研究，在龙山时代，城址考古特征上的地域差异直接源自于地理结构的不同，而不同的地理结构又直接影响到了各个地区城堡的发生原因及外部形态。当历史进入到夏商西周时期，城址的考古特征发生了很大变化。大规模都城遗址的出现所体现的单中心等级分化现象取代了龙山时代城堡遍地的局面。这种转变源自于权力的集中造成的人口和资源的集中。作为权力中心的都城，其发展水平要远远高于其它城邑。而从另一个角度来看，，城市的发展出现了地域分化，即黄河中下游城市的发展水平远远高于周边地区，甚至于长江流域。为什么会出岁产现这种地域分化?根本原因还是地理结构的不同。越是在文明发展的早期，人们对环境的依赖程度就越高。适宜的环境是人类生存必不可少的条件，但是过于恶劣或过于优越的环境对文明的发展都是有害的。内蒙古地区石城址的落后源于当地恶劣的环境，而长江流域城市发展的停滞则是由于过于优越的环境和相对封闭的地形水系格局。在春秋战国时期，权力的分散和家族的解体造成了多中心城市发展格局的形成。这一时期考古发现的大规模城址有十几座，分布很广，而围绕着这十几座都城遗址则涌现出了一大批城邑，同时家族的解体也使都城的布局结构发生了变化。如果说政治结构的变化造成了城市外部形态的改变，那么经济结构的变化则直接促成了具有现代意义的城市的产生。同时，由于生产工具的改进，增强了人们改造自然的能力，在一定程度上改变了原来的地理格局，而新的地理结构又反过来影响到了城市的发展。总之，从长时段的角度来考察，在不同的历史时期，政治结构、经济结构和地理结构都相应地发生着或大或小的变化，而这些变化直接推动和影响着城市的发展进程和方向。在整个先秦时期，随着政治和经济对城市的作用力的越来越强，地理的影响力则越来越弱，但是这种潜在的深层因素一直影响着城市的发展。
[Abstract]:In the academic research on the origin and development China civilization, "city" has been the subject by the academia, and pre Qin City as an important stage of the origin and development of more China city became the object of scholars often discussed, but the scientific research is in pre Qin City after the introduction of Chinese archaeology things. With the increasing number of the pre Qin period the archaeological site found, for the study of the origin and development of the city is gradually developing, Qin City has gradually clear up, the development of the city at this stage of the evolution of the comprehensive study also have the basic conditions, but how to use these complex archaeological data as the problem involves the theory and methods of this paper Different people, different views.. From the long period of Braudel's theory, attempts to proceed from the point of view of the long period, using the method of comparison, the performance of the pre Qin period city The purpose of this study is to fully grasp the development track of China's early cities, and further explore the internal driving force of its development and evolution.
The city is not always existed. In different regions, the development of the city is not the same. China early formation of city development and evolution has experienced a long period of time. And in promoting and influencing factors of the early evolution of the Chinese City, there are three kinds of factors dominate, namely politics, economy and geography. From a long period of time, these three factors in different periods, the role and influence is also different.
During the time, the emergence of a common archaeological phenomenon: the castle. Its prominent sign differs from the general settlement site is from the ruins of the wall, and to analyze the connotation, the walled settlements development level is slightly higher than the general settlement. And the occurrence of early China city is probably the differentiation from the Longshan period the settlement caused by the rich and the poor differentiation. The development of Longshan production, which led to the emergence of war plunder, to defend themselves and the tribal property appeared this walled settlement. But the cause of the castle was in the regional differences. Through the collation and comparison of a large number of archaeological sites, in different the area, the archaeological character of the city is different, and the difference is great. Significant regional characteristics this focus our attention to the geographical structure, through a comparative study, in the Longshan era, city The geographical difference of site archaeology is directly derived from the different geographical structure, and different geographical structure directly affects the causes and external forms of castles in different regions.
When the history entered into the period of Xia and Shang Dynasties, great changes have taken place in the archaeological character of the city. The phenomenon of single center grade embodied in large-scale capital site to replace the castle over the Longshan period situation. This concentration caused a shift from the power of concentration of population and resources. As the capital of the center of power, its level of development is higher than other cities. But from another point of view, the development of the city has a geographical differentiation, namely the development level of the city in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is far higher than the surrounding area, even in the Yangtze River Valley. Why
At the age of birth
The root cause is the difference in the geographical structure. The more it is in the early stage of the development of civilization, people
The greater the degree of dependence on the environment. The appropriate environment is a necessary condition for human survival, but it is too bad.
The development of poor or too superior environment for the civilization are harmful. The Inner Mongolia area rock site from behind when
The stagnation of the urban development in the Yangtze River Basin is due to the overly superior environment and relative closure.
The pattern of the topographic water system.
In the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the decentralization of power and the disintegration of the family resulted in the shape of the development of a multi center city.
A large city of archaeological discoveries. During this period, there are more than a dozen, are widely distributed around the city of ten
A large number of cities have sprung up in the ruins of the city, and the disintegration of the family has also changed the layout of the capital.
If the changes in the political structure cause the changes in the external form of the city, the change of the economic structure
It has directly contributed to the emergence of modern cities. At the same time, because of the improvement of production tools, people have strengthened.
The ability to transform nature has changed the original geographical pattern to a certain extent, and the new geographical structure is opposite.
It has influenced the development of the city.
In a word, from a long period of view, in different historical periods, political structure, economic structure and
The geographical structure has a corresponding or large or small change, which directly drives and affects the city.
The process and direction of development. In the whole pre Qin period, with the increasing force of the political and economic force on the city
Strong, the influence of geography is getting weaker and weaker, but the underlying underlying factors have been affecting the city's hair.
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【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K225

【引证文献】