王安石政治儒学论初探

发布时间：2018-04-13 17:07

本文选题：王安石 + 道德性命　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 本文是将王安石置放在宋代儒学的历史背景中,动态地考察王安石的儒学思想对宋代政治文化的回应以及在当时社会所造成的影响。代表王安石学术精神的“新学”,是王安石对儒学精神的继承和发展,在儒学外王转向内圣的过程中曾扮演了重要的推手,它既是王安石试图平衡内圣外王的创举,又是王安石政治理想破灭的基因。王安石所没有能看到的是宋代是一个需要建立社会的、政治的、经济的、文化的秩序的新时代,士人们在对儒、释、道多元文化比较研究的过程中,最终选择了儒家文化作为建构新秩序的依托,而王朝崇儒政策又予以适时的配合,给予了士大夫无限遐想的空间,使他们有了申述社会理想的自由。王安石政治变革的失败,在反对派看来是学理上的失败,他们依此为鉴,把儒学引向了和它对立的方向——道学,并通过众多理学家的艰苦努力最终实现了宋代文化秩序的建构。全文分为五个部分。绪论部分首先阐明政治儒学是建构秩序的儒学,而宋代儒学的转向也正是以从重建社会秩序为目的的儒学复兴运动开始的,而它所激发出来的是宋代士大夫阶层强烈社会主体意识,其中蕴含了对外在规范的追求又有明确自我道德的提升,王安石试图通过变法的外在形式来实现内在的道德性命展示。我们通过对王安石儒学思想的梳理,可以得见他在儒学发生了深刻变化的宋代,他把秩序的建构与道德的提升的努力熔铸在他所附注全部精力的变革运动中,儒学正是在他涌动的变革中走向了“内圣”的领域。第一章主要论述的是宋代士大夫所处的时代特征,北宋建立后,“右文”国策的推行,在文化上直接促使儒学的复兴,从统治者的角度来说,他们已经确立“依儒治国”的原则。因此宋代士大夫表现出强烈的社会担当意识,这是他们从事制度建设与自我建设的精神源泉。第二章论述的是王安石的儒家政治追求。笔者首先考察了“庆历新政”对宋代士大夫政治文化性格的影响,其次通过王安石与“庆历新政”的考察,王安石为“得君行道”做积极准备。接着,我们指出王安石的政治理想,在这一部分,主要通过年谱式的纵观考察,展示不同的年龄阶段王安石的儒家理想追求。第三章笔者把王安石的儒学思想放在宋代儒学的背景中去考察,从而揭示出王安石政治儒学这一范式内涵,展示宋代整个士大夫阶层的文化心理变化以及儒学内圣化走向的动力对于社会文化心理所产生的深远影响,笔者以为这已经超越了传统儒学的社会负载,展现出了在儒释道合流背景下中国传统文化会通的融合精神。宋学的各派虽异彩纷呈,但士大夫所表现出来的那种对维护国家和民族利益的斗争精神、先天下之忧的忧患精神和康国济民、关心民生的社会责任感、历史使命感,是士大夫积极入世的儒学精神对社会政治的最好注脚。第四章我们通过对以上内容的概括,指出宋代在士大夫集体努力之下,展示出来一个注重外在社会秩序的同时又非常重视对生命个体道德的建设的王朝,然而这一过程却在王安石变法失败后,士大夫阶层把“内圣”作为秩序建设的起点,成为儒学发展的新起点。结论:“荆公新学”先盛极而后衰败,沦为绝学的结局,除了政治上的原因之外,也是新的社会秩序生成之后,学术思想有了新要求的反映。由于外在秩序建构的不顺畅,而只能从内在的道德理性入手,要求人们具有严格的道德自律精神和道德实践的自觉性,它所反映出来宋代士大夫对社会群体的一种使命感和责任感,极大完善和发展了中国传统伦理思想中的道德理性主义和追求崇高精神境界以及理想人格的价值取向。
[Abstract]:This is Wang Anshi will be placed in the historical background of the Song Dynasty Confucianism, dynamically study the response to Wang Anshi's Confucianism on the political culture of the Song Dynasty and the impact in the society at that time. Wang Anshi on behalf of the academic spirit of "learning", is the inheritance and development of Confucianism in the spirit of Wang Anshi, in his turn in the process of Confucianism played a saint it is not only the important promoter, Wang Anshi tried to balance "initiative, and Wang Anshi's political disillusionment. Wang Anshi gene did not see the Song Dynasty is a need to establish a social, political, economic and cultural order in the new era, people in the Confucian, Buddhism, the process of comparative study multicultural Road, finally chose the Confucian culture as the basis to construct new order, and the king Zhaochong Confucianism policy and be timely, given the literati space reverie,. They are representations of social ideal freedom. Wang Anshi political reform failed in the opposition seems to be an academic failure, so they put Confucianism as a mirror, to its opposite direction of Taoism, and through many theorists hard work finally realized the construction of the order of Song Daiwen.
This paper is divided into five parts. The introduction clarifies the political construction of Confucianism is the order of the Confucianism, and turn to the Song Dynasty Confucianism is started with the Renaissance of Confucianism from the reconstruction of social order for the purpose, and it is inspired by the Song Dynasty strong social consciousness, which contains the external standard the pursuit of self-improvement and have clear moral, Wang Anshi tries to form reform to achieve internal moral life. We show through to Wang Anshi's Confucianism comb, can see he has undergone profound changes in the Song Dynasty Confucianism, he put the construction and improvement of the moral order to cast in his notes to all the energy reform movement, Confucianism is in his surging change to the "Saint".
The first chapter mainly discusses the characteristics of the times is the literati in Song Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty after the establishment of "right" policy implementation, the revival of Confucianism in the direct to culture, from the perspective of the rulers, they have established the nation by the Confucianism. Therefore the literati showed a strong social awareness. This is the source of the spirit they engaged in system construction and self construction.
The second chapter is Wang Anshi's Confucian political pursuit. The author reviews the influence of "Qingli" of the Song dynasty literati character of political culture, followed by an investigation by Wang Anshi and "Qingli", Wang Anshi "gentleman" to prepare. Then, we pointed out that Wang Anshi's political ideal, in this part, mainly through his throughout the study, showing different stages of Wang Anshi's Confucian ideals.
The third chapter the author put Wang Anshi's Confucianism in the Song Dynasty Confucianism in the background to study, so as to reveal the connotation of Wang Anshi's political Confucianism paradigm, showing the changes in the cultural psychology of literati and Confucianism moral to power profound influences on the social and cultural psychology produced, I think this has gone beyond the traditional Confucianism the social load, showing in the Confucianism through the spirit of traditional culture will China Lane merging background. Although the colorful factions in Song Dynasty, but the literati has shown that to safeguard the national interests of the country and the spirit of struggle, the world's first hardship spirit and prosperous and stable, the sense of social responsibility concerned about the livelihood of the people, the sense of historical mission, is the best footnote literati actively joining the spirit of Confucianism on social politics.
The fourth chapter through the above summary, pointed out that under the Song dynasty literati and collective efforts, displayed a focus on the external social order but also attach great importance to the construction of individual moral life of the dynasty, but this process was in Wang Anshi after the failure of the reform, the intelligentsia "Saint" as the starting point of order construction and become a new starting point for the development of Confucianism.
Conclusion: "" school "first and then decline to become extremely, Juexue ending, in addition to political reasons, but also generate a new social order, academic thought reflects the new requirements. Due to the external order construction is not smooth, but only from the inherent moral reason of consciousness requires people with strict moral self-discipline and moral practice, it reflects the Song Dynasty scholar of a sense of community and sense of responsibility, great improvement and development of the moral rationalism Chinese traditional ethics and the pursuit of lofty spirit and ideal personality of the value orientation.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K244

【参考文献】