洪武至宣德时期明朝对蒙古的经略

发布时间：2018-04-23 18:39

本文选题：明朝 + 蒙古　；参考：《中央民族大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 明朝代元后,元朝后裔退居沙漠,建廷岭北,与明朝对抗。在双方对峙局面形成过程中,关系历经变化：洪武朝,经历了由新旧皇朝之间的矛盾到中原王朝与北方游牧政权对峙的转变；建文、永乐时期,双方打破了老死不相往来的僵局,建立并维系朝贡贸易关系；洪熙、宣德时期,在洪武和永乐两朝的余威下,双方的关系本着明朝的意志逐步规范化。明朝对蒙古的经略,既是双方关系变化的因,又是双方关系变化的果。本文以朝代为经,从洪武至宣德时期对蒙古政策的演变入手,分三章探究了这些变化的前因后果。第一章建元前后,为了在群雄角逐中求生存和发展,以及取元而代之,朱元璋对蒙元的策略由回避逐渐发展到军事驱逐；明军攻取元都后,为解决朝代更替的遗留问题,朱元璋对退守漠北的元朝君臣实施了招抚策略。在建元过程中,朱元璋对蒙古的策略虽带有浓厚的民族色彩,但其实质仍是中国传统朝代更替的历史再现。随着新朝政权的稳固和华夏疆域的恢复,明朝与建廷岭北的元朝政权之间的关系,由朝代更替中新旧王朝之间的矛盾逐渐转变为中原王朝与北方游牧政权的对峙。在明朝强盛国力的支撑下,朱元璋对蒙古采取了积极的防御措施,规划并建立了明朝北边防御格局的雏形。第二章鉴于建文、洪熙二朝统治时间较短,且其对蒙古的政策对永乐和宣德二朝影响颇大,故而笔者将建文与永乐朝、洪熙与宣德朝对蒙古的经略分别合在一起进行叙述,以突显其间的承递变迁。建文帝即位之初,为了巩固皇权,实行削藩政策,洪武末期建立起来的防御体系,尤其是北边的藩王镇守防御格局被破坏。朱棣即位后,该格局进一步被打破。为了恢复和加强明朝对蒙古的防御能力,朱棣先后派遣重臣武将出镇北方,使明朝在北方的守边军权再次转移。在明朝内部忙于皇位争夺的同时,蒙古也分裂为鞑靼和瓦刺二部,争夺漠北。朱棣在“宾服四夷”传统思想的指导下,恩威兼用,建立并维系着与鞑靼、瓦刺之间的朝贡关系；经过朱棣的此番努力,明朝与蒙古的相处模式恢复了历史常态,既有兵戈相向,也有和平贸易。第三章洪熙、宣德朝在洪武朝和永乐朝经略蒙古的基础上,虽然与鞑靼、瓦刺等蒙古部众继续维系朝贡关系,但是,逐步放弃了对蒙古军事上的征伐策略,以外交和经济策略为主,使得双方的朝贡关系基本朝着明朝的意志逐步规范化。同时,鉴于现状,对洪武末期形成的防御格局作出最终取舍,使明朝的防御体系基本定型。此时,蒙古内部渐趋统一,引发明朝与蒙古实力对比的变化,为二者之间关系的新走向埋下伏笔。
[Abstract]:After the Ming Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, the descendants of the Yuan Dynasty retreated into the desert and the northern Jianting Ridge fought with the Ming Dynasty. In the forming process of the confrontation between the two sides, the relations underwent changes: the Hongwu Dynasty experienced the transformation from the contradiction between the old and the new imperial dynasties to the confrontation between the Central Plains Dynasty and the northern nomadic regime; the period of Jianwen, Yongle, The two sides broke the deadlock and established and maintained the tributary trade relations. In the period of Hongwu and Yongle, the relations between the two sides were gradually standardized in the will of the Ming Dynasty in the period of Hongxi and Xuande. The classics and tactics of the Ming Dynasty to Mongolia are not only the cause of the change of the bilateral relations, but also the fruit of the changes in the relations between the two sides. In this paper, the evolution of Mongolian policy from Hongwu to Xuande is discussed in three chapters. Chapter one, before and after the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, in order to survive and develop in the competition for the males, and to replace it with the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang's strategy for Mengyuan was gradually developed from avoidance to military expulsion; after the Ming army attacked the Yuan capital, in order to solve the problem left over by the succession of the dynasties, Zhu Yuanzhang carried out the strategy of caressing the monarch and minister of Yuan Dynasty who retreated to the north of the desert. In the process of building Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang's strategy to Mongolia had a strong national color, but its essence was still the historical reproduction of the replacement of Chinese traditional dynasties. With the stability of the new regime and the restoration of the territory of China, the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and the Yuan regime in the north of Jianting Ling gradually changed from the contradiction between the new and the old dynasties to the confrontation between the Central Plains Dynasty and the northern nomadic regime. Supported by the strong and powerful national strength of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang took active defense measures against Mongolia and planned and established the embryonic form of the defense pattern in the north of the Ming Dynasty. In the second chapter, in view of Jianwen, the reign of Hongxi is relatively short, and its policy on Mongolia has a great influence on Yongle and Xuande, so the author narrates Jian Wen and Yongle Dynasty, Hong Xi and Xuande Dynasty respectively. In order to highlight the vicissitudes of acceptance. At the beginning of Emperor Jianwen's reign, in order to consolidate the imperial power and implement the policy of cutting off the vassals, the defense system established in the late period of Hongwu, especially the defense pattern of the vassal king in the north, was destroyed. After Zhu Di ascended the throne, this pattern was further broken. In order to restore and strengthen the defense capability of the Ming Dynasty to Mongolia, Zhu Di successively sent the important minister Wu to leave the northern part of the town, so that the Ming Dynasty's military power to defend the border in the north was transferred again. While the Ming Dynasty was busy fighting for the throne, Mongolia split into Tatars and Vagitas for the north of the desert. Under the guidance of the traditional thought of "serving the four Yi", Zhu Di established and maintained the tributary relationship with Tatar and Tatarine. Through Zhu Di's efforts, the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia was restored to the historical normal. There is both a war against each other, but also a peaceful trade. Chapter 3, Hongxi, Xuande and Korea, on the basis of Hongwu and Yongle Korean classics and slightly Mongolia, although they continue to maintain tributary relations with Mongolian members such as Tatars and Watars, they gradually gave up their military strategy of enlistment against Mongolia. The diplomatic and economic strategies mainly made the tributary relations between the two sides gradually standardized towards the will of the Ming Dynasty. At the same time, in view of the present situation, the final choice was made on the defense pattern formed in the late Hongwu period, so that the defense system of Ming Dynasty was basically finalized. At this time, Mongolia's internal unity gradually led to the change of the power contrast between Ming Dynasty and Mongolia, which laid a new stage for the new trend of the relationship between the two.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】