明代中国与朝鲜贸易研究

发布时间：2018-04-26 14:31

本文选题：贡赐贸易 + 符验制度　；参考：《山东大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 14世纪至17世纪的明代中国是亚洲最强大、最繁荣的国家,它构建了以封贡关系为核心的朝贡体系,并以此与各个朝贡国开展贸易,形成了以贡赐贸易为中心的官方贸易。针对朝鲜半岛的高丽王朝,明代初期实行了较为宽松的自由贸易政策,而高丽也默许两国之间的自由贸易。随着朝鲜王朝取代高丽王朝,其贸易政策也发生了变化,明确禁止边境民间贸易,主要就是严禁明朝辽东地区的居民与朝鲜人民的边境贸易,但出于长远的政治考虑,允许辽东女真诸部居民与朝鲜的边境互市贸易。中朝贸易逐渐形成了独具特色的贸易类型,即贡赐贸易、和买贸易、使臣贸易和民间贸易。前三者都具有官方贸易的特征,民间贸易由于中朝两国相似的贸易政策,逐步转变为边境的民间走私贸易和边境的民间互市贸易,它们以不同的方式共同促进了明代中朝贸易的繁荣与发展,增进了中朝的经济交流,加强了彼此间的政治互信。可以说,明代的中朝贸易在亚洲的地区贸易中既有与其它国家的共同性又有其特殊性,主要体现为中朝亲密的封贡关系,频繁的贡赐贸易,临时的和买贸易,猖獗的使臣私贸和繁荣的民间私贸。这共同组成了丰富多彩的中朝贸易,在明代不同的时期内,又呈现出不同的形态和内容。以前,学术界研究的焦点放在了两国间的贡赐贸易,而对后三种贸易形态未给予应有的重视。本文分六个部分,对中朝贸易不同时期的内容及特点进行较为详细的分析论证,期望全面把握其来龙去脉,从而理解中朝贸易的复杂性、特点及影响。第一部分介绍了中外学者对明代中朝贸易的研究概况以及此项研究的重要性及迫切性,并阐述了对次课题研究的意义、方法和创新之处。第二部分简要地回顾了明代以前中朝贸易的发展情况和大致类型,从官方贸易和民间贸易的不同角度,对中国与朝鲜半岛贸易物品进行了较为详细的叙述,并对个别朝代的贡期加以考察,对常贡中贺正旦、贺圣节(皇帝生辰)的源起进行按覆,对明代中朝贸易内容的滥觞也简要论述。第三部分主要分析了明代初期中朝政治关系的多变和贸易政策的变化,以及政治对贸易的巨大影响。考察了中朝贸易的基本类型,对明初中朝交往的线路进行了详细全面的勾划,基本搞清了它发展变化的脉络。关于朝鲜常贡的次数和内容问题,当前学术界的研究成果有些不准确之处,在此作了深入的考辨。对中朝之间的符验制度作了初步的考证。考察了洪武、建文、永乐时期频繁的和买贸易,分析了和买贸易对朝鲜的影响。使臣贸易由天使贸易和朝鲜使臣贸易构成。从永乐时期开始,明朝宦官使臣的走私贸易对朝鲜造成很大危害。朝鲜使臣利用公贸之机,也暗行走私贸易。由于朝鲜的禁令,民间贸易由合法转为非法,辽民与鲜民开始边境走私贸易。朝鲜出于政治的长远考虑,允许明朝管辖下的女真诸部与鲜民进行边境互市贸易。第四部分考察了明代中期中朝两国的贸易政策以及贸易内容的变化。贡道改由陆路,方便了中朝的贸易往来。朝鲜定期常贡与明朝的回赐逐渐规范化、固定化。处女、火者的进献停止,但不定期的别献大量增加,鹰犬之贡、成化别献等项困扰朝鲜。明朝屡遣宦官出使朝鲜,宦官贸易猖獗。朝鲜使臣贸易中的私贸泛滥。白银大量的使用方便了中朝贸易,中国的丝织品是出口朝鲜的大宗,朝鲜的苎布深受明人的欢迎。边境民间私贸与互市贸易兴盛。第五部分分析了明后期中朝贸易政策的连续性以及贸易的新内容。后金阻断辽东陆路,贡道再经由海路进行,因而朝鲜使臣赴明次数减少,但是进贡与赏赐的物品都没有减少。人参逐渐成为朝鲜出口明朝的大宗。明朝的文官使臣也加入了贸易的行列,宦官使臣需索贸易依旧。由于壬辰倭乱的发生,万历、天启时期,朝鲜使臣潜贸弓角、焰硝转变为公贸。中江开市与东江贸易为民间贸易增添了新活力,女真与朝鲜的边境互市贸易满足了彼此的需要。第六部分分析了中朝贸易对两国政治、经济和文化的影响。对明朝而言,政治上获得了最忠顺的属国,并保证了辽东边疆的稳定。经济上,明人对朝鲜的苎布、人参非常喜爱,贸易往来繁荣。文化上,大量儒学典籍通过贡赐贸易和使臣公贸易流入朝鲜,使朱子学成为朝鲜的统治思想,朝鲜对朱子学的认同,扩大了儒学在东北亚地区的影响,有利于巩固明朝在东北亚事务中的主导权。对朝鲜而言,政治上得到了明王朝的庇护,取得了合法的统治地位。经济上,中国的丝织品同样深受朝鲜人民的喜爱,它是朝鲜宫廷对明官方贸易和朝鲜使臣走私贸易以及民间私贸的主要商品。文化上,明朝的大量书籍满足了朝鲜的文化需求,促进了朝鲜对中国儒家价值观的认同,并且发展出独具特色的以李混和李珥为代表的朝鲜朱子学。第七章是结语,是对本文研究的几点结论。
[Abstract]:China in the Ming Dynasty from fourteenth Century to seventeenth Century was the most powerful and prosperous country in Asia. It built a tribute system centered on the relationship between tribute and tribute, and carried out trade with the various tribute countries, and formed the official trade centered on the tribute trade. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Korea Dynasty carried out a relatively loose free trade administration in the early Ming Dynasty. And Korea also acquiesced the free trade between the two countries. As the Korean Dynasty replaced the Korea Dynasty, its trade policy had changed, and the border trade was clearly prohibited. It was mainly to strictly prohibit the border trade between the residents of the Liaodong region of the Ming Dynasty and the Korean people, but for the long term political consideration, the residents of Liaodong and the DPRK were allowed to live with the DPRK. The Sino Korean trade has gradually formed a unique type of trade, namely, the tribute to trade, and the purchase of trade, the envoy trade and the folk trade. The former three have the characteristics of official trade, and the folk trade is gradually transformed into the border private smuggling trade and the border exchange trade due to the similar trade policies between China and the DPRK. In different ways, they jointly promoted the prosperity and development of the Sino Korean trade in the Ming Dynasty, enhanced the economic exchanges between China and the DPRK, and strengthened the mutual political mutual trust between China and the DPRK. Numerous tribute trade, temporary and buy trade, rampant envoy private trade and prosperous private trade and private trade formed a rich and colorful trade between China and North Korea. In different periods of the Ming Dynasty, different forms and contents were presented. Before, the focus of academic research was on the tribute trade between the two countries, and the latter three trade forms were not given. We should pay attention to it.
This article is divided into six parts. This paper makes a detailed analysis and demonstration on the contents and characteristics of the different periods of China and the DPRK's trade. It is expected to grasp its origin in an all-round way so as to understand the complexity, characteristics and influence of the trade between China and the DPRK.
The first part introduces the general situation of Chinese and foreign scholars' research on Sino Korean trade in the Ming Dynasty and the importance and urgency of the study, and expounds the significance, methods and innovations of the research on the sub subjects.
The second part briefly reviews the development and general types of Sino Korean trade before the Ming Dynasty. From the different angles of official trade and folk trade, the trade articles in China and the Korean Peninsula are described in more detail, and the tribute period of individual dynasties is inspected, and the origin of Chang Gong Nakaga Masa, he saint's Day (emperor's birthday) is carried out. The origin of the Sino Korean trade in the Ming Dynasty is also briefly discussed.
The third part mainly analyzes the changes in the political relations and the change of trade policy in the early Ming Dynasty, as well as the great influence of politics on trade. It examines the basic types of trade between China and the DPRK, gives a detailed and comprehensive outline of the communication lines of the Ming Dynasty, and basically clarified the context of its development and changes. There are some inaccuracies in the research achievements of the current academic circles. This paper makes a thorough examination and identification here. A preliminary examination is made on the system of verification between China and the DPRK. At the beginning of the Yongle period, the smuggling trade of the eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty caused great harm to the DPRK. The Korean Envoys used the aircraft and the smuggling trade. Because of the North Korean ban, the folk trade was illegally transferred from the legal to the illegal, the Liao people and the fresh people began to smuggle the border trade. Border trade with the fresh people.
The fourth part inspected the trade policy and the change of trade content between the two countries in the middle Ming Dynasty. The tribute road was changed by land to facilitate the trade exchanges between China and the DPRK. In the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty sent eunuchs to Korea, the eunuchs trade was rampant. The private trade in the Korean envoy was overrun. A large amount of silver was used to facilitate the trade between China and the DPRK. The silk goods in China were the bulk of the export of Korea, and the ramie was welcomed by the Ming people. The border private private trade and trade in the market flourished.
The fifth part analyses the continuity of the trade policy of China and the North Korea in the late Ming Dynasty and the new content of trade. After the back gold blocks the land of Liaodong and the tribute road goes through the sea, the number of Korean Envoys to the Ming Dynasty is reduced, but the items of tribute and reward have not been reduced. In the ranks of the trade, the eunuchs made the trade of the eunuchs on demand. Due to the occurrence of the chaos of the bonobos, Wanli, the period of the apocalypse, the Korean envoy, the dive trade bow, and the fireworks turned into the public trade. The Zhongjiang opening and the Dongjiang trade added new vitality to the folk trade, and the trade between the women and the DPRK met the needs of each other.
The sixth part analyzed the influence of Sino Korean trade on the political, economic and cultural effects of the two countries. For the Ming Dynasty, the most faithful dependencies were gained and the stability of the Liaodong border was guaranteed. In North Korea, Zhu Zixue became the ruling thought of North Korea. North Korea's identification with Zhu Zixue expanded the influence of Confucianism in Northeast Asia and helped consolidate the dominant power of the Ming Dynasty in Northeast Asia. Deeply loved by the Korean people, it is the main commodity of the official trade of the Korean palace and the smuggling trade and private trade of the Korean Envoys. In the culture, a large number of books in the Ming Dynasty met the cultural needs of the DPRK, promoted the Korean identity of the Chinese Confucian values, and displayed unique features represented by Li Hun and Li Er. Fresh Zhu Zi.
The seventh chapter is the conclusion, which is the conclusion of this paper.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F752.7;K248

【引证文献】