宋代契约制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-02 19:41

本文选题：宋代 + 契约制度　；参考：《山东大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 目的:笔者通过分析异彩纷呈的宋代契约制度,试图拨开历史的烟云透视其深蕴的法理本质,并能总结出些许对当今中国法治建设有所裨益的历史殷鉴。方法:坚持马克思主义的矛盾分析方法、透过现象把握本质的方法、制度分析方法以及实证分析方法等。结构:正文分为导言部分和八章具体内容。导言(含文献综述),主要概述近十几年来对宋契约法制度进行研究的主要学者及其相关著述,为本文的展开设置一个理论背景。第一章,契约之债。首先,枚举八种常见契约:买卖契约、租赁契约、承包契约、居间契约、委托契约、借贷契约、承运契约、合伙契约,从中可以看出相关契约操作制度的分化、细化,反映了当时经济活动的繁荣,更表达了经济对法律相关利益调整机制的现实迫切需要。其中,笔者还要着重分析一下别具特色的北宋缔约方式上的一大亮点,即竞争性的缔约方式:“扑买”、“实封投状”,从招标到递标、揭标和定标都有愈加完善的程序设计使其活动达到形式公平,并且在实际运行过程中还发现了其实质上的瑕疵,进而能相对及时地进行制度调整,以使其达到一种实质公平,这种竞争性机制的建立比西方类似制度早出炉几百年,这种匠心的独运颇有特色值得后世加以借鉴。可见,宋代债法发展是法制史中一段耐人寻味的变奏。第二章,契约的履行。强调公平、自愿和诚信原则。官府、民间对此都非常重视,再加之儒商精神的不断熔铸,使得宋债法表现出鲜明时代特色。第三章,契约的担保。其应用范围非常广,加重了履约守信的砝码,有利地促进了债权的顺利实现。第四章,契约之债的消灭。笔者侧重分析时效经过和依法蠲除两种情形,揭示其时代原因。第五章,宋契约制度的兴衰原因。原因分析广泛涉及政治、经济、军事及思想多层面,旨在挖掘表象下的实质,从对比中筛选出堪为今世殷鉴的东西。第六章,对宋代契约的评价。通过对宋债法制度可资后世的评价、总结,提炼出研究它的现时代价值。第一节法律制度的设计,健全制度。一是要有科学合理全面的权利制度设计,减少真空和不协调;二是要有明确的责任追究制度设计,提高违法、违约的成本。第二节诚信维护,完善机制。一是要健全诚信法制,使人们先做到因避罪远罚而守法,达到一种他律状态;二是要进行道德教化,提高公民道德素养,使人们有耻且格随心所欲而不逾矩,达到一种自律境界。第三节权利保障,端正理念。一是要保障权利,对私权要充分确权,应当形成一个有机的保障体系。二是要限制权力,限防公权的膨胀、越位,应当是必要之举。结论:通过上述研究、分析,笔者认为:为了兑现社会公平,宋代契约制度中的程序设计也多有考虑,例如:田产买卖中的告知和书面批退,官产买卖、租赁以及承包中的“买扑”。这些程序性正义在一定程度上保证了实体正义的实现,这种法律硬件的完善就象是铺就的高速路,促进了宋代商品经济的长足进步。社会诚信机制的维护,这又是宋债法制度建树的又一重要方面,上至官府下至百姓,从政府法规到商事惯例,都尽可能量地保障民事关系的顺利流转,诚信机制的建立和完善,好比是内化于人心的交通守则,为宋商品经济的快速发展创设了良好的软环境。无论是程序设计还是诚信机制,都是时代的呼唤,生产力的要求,首先表现在人们观念的与时俱进,义利并重的宋代,两种观念的交融,尤其是利观念的相对强化,正是促使生产力加速发展商品经济蓬勃的社会心理动因,也是民事权利观念强化的文化土壤。意义:新的时代条件下正确处理好义利关系,尤其是用法律手段引导调整人们的商业行为,能加快建立社会主义社会的诚信机制。市场经济是法制经济、契约经济说到底应是诚信经济,义利观应与时俱进被赋予时代新质并应用于法的实践;市场经济又是权利经济,从根本上要完善宪法权利和相关部门法具体程序的配置和衔接,彰显权利优先、权利保障的现代法治原则;对即将出台的民法典应从体系到内容加以丰富、细致化,使之真正成为私法领域中的宪法能统一私权保护;同时应进一步加强行政法制的程序建设,使滥权、越权、侵权责任追究制具体化、可操作化,增加行政违法责任人的个人成本。总之,两宋债法的历史启示必会有助于实现中国的良法之治。
[Abstract]:Objective: through the analysis of the colorful contract system of the Song Dynasty, the author tries to find out the essence of the legal theory of its deep connotation, and can sum up some historical lessons that are beneficial to the construction of the rule of law in China today.
Methods: adhering to Marx's contradiction analysis method, grasping the essence method through the phenomenon, the system analysis method and the empirical analysis method.
Structure: the text is divided into the introduction and the eight chapters. The introduction (including literature review) mainly summarizes the main scholars and related writings on the legal degree of the song contract in the past decade and its related writings. The first chapter, the debt of the contract. First, enumerates eight kinds of common contracts: the sale contract, the lease contract, and the contract. Contract, contract of residence, contract of entrustment, loan contract, contract of carrier, partnership contract, we can see the differentiation and refinement of the related contract operation system, which reflects the prosperity of economic activity at that time, and more express the urgent need of the economy for the adjustment mechanism of legal related interests. A bright spot in the mode of song contracting in Song Dynasty, that is, the competitive contracting modes: "paracetamol", "real seal investment", from tendering to bidding, uncovering and marking all the more perfect program design to make its activities achieve a fair form, and in the actual operation process also found its substantial defects, and then can adjust the system in a relatively timely manner, In order to achieve a kind of substantive fairness, the establishment of this competitive mechanism is more than a few hundred years earlier than the Western similar system. This ingenuity of the unique transport is worthy of the later generations to learn. It can be seen that the development of the debt law in the Song Dynasty is a kind of intriguing variation in the history of the legal system. The second chapter, the performance of the contract, emphasizes the principle of fairness, voluntariness and honesty. All the people attach great importance to this, and the continuous casting of the spirit of Confucian businessmen makes the song debt law show distinct characteristics of the times. The third chapter, the guarantee of the contract. Its application scope is very wide, which aggravates the weight of the compliance of the contract, and promotes the smooth realization of the creditor's right. The fourth chapter, the elimination of the debt of the deed. The law is to remove two kinds of circumstances and reveal the reasons for its times. The fifth chapter, the reasons for the rise and fall of the song contract system. The reasons are extensively involved in the multifaceted political, economic, military and ideological aspects. The purpose is to excavate the essence under the image and to screen out the objects of the present world's Yin Jian from the contrast. The sixth chapter, the evaluation of the Song Dynasty contract. Evaluation, summary, refining its present value. First section of the design of the legal system, sound system. One is to have a scientific and comprehensive design of the right system, reduce vacuum and incoordination; two is to have a clear system of accountability design, improve the cost of breaking the law, breach of contract. Second section integrity maintenance, perfect mechanism. First, healthy mechanism. The full integrity of the legal system enables people to achieve a state of heteronomy in the first place because of the long punishment to avoid the crime. Two is to carry out moral education, improve the moral quality of citizens, and make people feel self disciplined, and achieve a self-discipline. The third section of rights is guaranteed and the right idea is to be guaranteed, and the right to private rights should be fully confirmed. An organic guarantee system. Two, it is necessary to limit power and limit the expansion of public power and offside.
Conclusion: through the above research and analysis, the author thinks that, in order to fulfill the social fairness, the program design in the Song Dynasty contract system is also considered, for example, the notification and written retreats in the trade of the field, the business of the official production, the lease and the "buy out" in the contract. These procedural justice guarantees the realization of the substantive justice to a certain extent. The improvement of the law hardware is like the paved road, which has promoted the rapid progress of the commodity economy in the Song Dynasty. The maintenance of the social integrity mechanism is another important aspect of the establishment of the song debt law system. From the government to the common people, from the government regulations to the commercial practice, the smooth circulation of civil relations and the establishment of the integrity mechanism can be ensured. It is a good soft environment for the rapid development of the song commodity economy. It is the call of the times and the requirements of the productive forces, first of all, in the Song Dynasty, the blending of two ideas, especially the idea of interest. The relative intensification is the social and psychological motivation that accelerates the development of commodity economy and is also the cultural soil to strengthen the concept of civil rights.
Significance: the correct handling of the relationship between righteousness and benefit under the new era conditions, especially the guidance and adjustment of people's commercial behavior by legal means, can speed up the establishment of the integrity mechanism of the socialist society. The market economy is a legal economy, the contract economy should be the honest economy in the end, and the concept of righteousness and benefit should be given to the new quality of the times and applied to the law. In practice, the market economy is also a right economy. It is essential to perfect the configuration and connection of the specific procedures of the constitutional rights and related department laws, to highlight the modern rule of law principle of right priority and right protection, and to enrich and meticulous the civil code from the system to the content, so that it can truly become a private right in the field of private law. At the same time, we should further strengthen the procedure construction of administrative legal system so as to make the abuse of power, over power, and the accountability system of tort liability concretely, operable and increase the personal cost of the administrative offense. In a word, the historical enlightenment of the two song debt law will help to realize the rule of good law in China.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D929;K244

【引证文献】