两汉妇女生活情态研究

发布时间：2018-05-04 18:44

本文选题：女性 + 生存情态　；参考：《东北师范大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 自古以来,女性在社会生活中扮演着不可或缺的角色,因此有关妇女及与其相关的诸多问题受到众多学者的关注。历两汉四百余年,妇女生活展现出独有的特色。本文即在尽量吸取学术界已有研究成果的基础上,从五个相对独立而又彼此联系的方面对汉代妇女生活情态进行了探讨。从国家理论预设的理想妇女角色,法律规范、社会观念等对妇女生活的影响、塑造,到妇女对国家所提倡的人生角色的回应和向往,到现实生活中妇女多样化的风貌,通过多维的视角展现了汉代妇女生活的整体面貌,所得结论如下: 第一章“两汉国家预期的理想女性形象与女性生活”。从汉代统治者的角度看,理想的妇女模式是“孝女贞妇贤母”。汉代统治者不仅在理论上构建起“男尊女卑”的性别秩序,而且通过对“孝女贞妇贤母”的道德表彰行为来引导社会风俗,在国家的舆论导向下,汉代妇女一方面以间接的方式积极参与到儒学的研习行列,将儒家所提倡的“男尊女卑”观念内化为个人的价值观,并进一步指导着其行为;另一方面,妇女在生活中以获得国家和地方旌表为殊荣,在人生的每个阶段都以“孝女顺妇贤母”的标准为目标。第二章“汉代法律规范对女性社会地位的定位与影响”。法律规范不仅约束着妇女的行为,影响着妇女的生活,同时也对妇女构成一定的保护。从汉代法律所规定的妇女财产继承权的角度看,随着妇女人生角色的转化,其财产继承权也发生相应的变化,从而为妇女生活带来了一定的保障。从“强奸”罪的判罚角度看,汉代妇女的人身权益受到一定程度的保护,但是在宗法制和孝道观念下,法律维护的是家长的权威,而非妇女个体的人身权益。从对“和奸”罪判罚的角度分析,则汉代法律维护家族利益和等级制度的宗旨和目的明显,由此导致日常生活中严厉禁止与已婚妇女的私通行为,及严惩那些违背了家族伦理辈份和等级界限的两性私通行为。但在现实生活中,女性既是家庭暴力的对象,也是家庭暴力的实施者。从法律视角,我们获得了对妇女复杂生活情态的直观认识。第三章“女性与家庭”。家庭是女性活动的主要空间,于此可见家庭背景和环境对女性而言是十分重要的。家庭环境不仅塑造着女性的生活方式,同时也影响着女性的生存状态。而个体家庭之间也是有等级差别的,处于社会不同阶层与等级的家庭面临着差别较大的社会环境和存在条件,来自不同阶层家庭的妇女必然也面临着迥然有别的问题与境遇。底层家庭女性在家庭经济收入中发挥着不可或缺的重要性,由此带动了妇女家庭地位的上升,对“男尊女卑”观念是一个有力的抵制。官吏家庭女性则凭借个人或为吏之母,或为吏之妻的角色,而间接的参与和左右着官吏的日常政务和刑狱决断。汉代独有的吏休制度则导致部分官吏家庭妇女与为吏的丈夫或儿子聚少离多,而底层官吏相对微薄的俸禄,以及为获清誉而置妻子于不顾等情况,导致部分官吏家庭妇女必须自食其力,由此获得一定的家庭、社会地位。第四章“女性天然的职责——产育问题”。对女性而言,生产和抚育幼子是其完成从在室女到为人妻、为人母的社会角色转变的必经过程。汉代婚姻“合二姓之好,上以事宗庙,而下以继后世”的功能,决定了产育问题与妇女生活密不可分的关系。汉代政府的人口增殖政策以及汉代社会的子嗣观念,一方面为妇女带来了相对优越的生育环境,同时也致使那些无法生育的妇女面临着人生的困境。科学与巫术并行的产育知识、产育观念同样给妇女生活带来了生机与困境。尤其生子不举观念对妇女身心健康造成极大影响。第五章“汉代婢女生活情态”。婢女作为汉代社会一个特殊的群体,她的法律地位是极其低下的。法律定位的卑微社会身份和依附者角色,决定了婢女婚姻对象的范围、婚姻的决定权、婚姻的形式等。但是在实际生活中,每个婢女担当的劳动种类和劳动强度轻重有别,与主家的亲疏关系决定了婢女担当着多重、动态的角色,从而影响着婢女群体内部生存境遇的千差万别。正因为婢女中存在生存境遇的差异,所以为婢不失为求生之路,这又进一步推动着普通妇女向婢女群体的流动。总之,在以宗法制度、家族伦理和等级身份等为价值核心的汉代社会,不同等级和阶层的妇女,以及同一等级身份的妇女群体内部生活境况不一,情态各异。
[Abstract]:Since ancient times, women have played an indispensable role in social life. Therefore, many scholars have paid more attention to the problems related to women and their related issues. After four hundred years of the Han Dynasty, women's lives have shown unique features. This article is based on the study of the academic circles as far as possible, from five relatively independent and different. In this connection, the relationship between the women's life in the Han Dynasty was discussed. The influence of the ideal women's role, the legal norms, the social concept and so on from the state theory to the women's life, molding, the women's response and yearning for the role of life advocated by the state, and the diversity of women in real life were displayed through a multidimensional perspective. The overall picture of women's life in the Han Dynasty is as follows:
The first chapter "the ideal female image and female life expected by the Han Dynasty". From the angle of the rulers of the Han Dynasty, the ideal woman model is "the virtuous woman of filial pious woman". The ruler of the Han Dynasty not only established the sex order of "men and women" in theory, but also guided the society through the moral recognition of the "filial pitiful female virtuous woman". Under the guidance of state opinion, the women of the Han Dynasty, on the one hand, actively participated in the study of Confucianism in an indirect way, internalizing the concept of "male and female inferiority" advocated by Confucianism as individual values, and further guiding their behavior; on the other hand, women were honored in life to gain national and local commendation and in life. Each stage is based on the criteria of "filial pith and women's virtuous mother".
The second chapter "the position and influence of the legal norms of the Han Dynasty on the social status of women". The legal norms not only restrict the behavior of women, affect the life of women, but also protect women. From the perspective of the inheritance rights of women's property stipulated in the law of the Han Dynasty, with the transformation of women's life roles, the inheritance rights of their property are also From the point of view of the punishment of "rape", the rights and interests of the women in the Han Dynasty are protected to a certain extent, but under the patriarchal and filial piety concepts, the law maintains the authority of the parents, not the personal rights and interests of the women. From the angle of the punishment of the crime of "rape" In degree analysis, the purpose and purpose of the Han Dynasty law to maintain family interests and hierarchy is obvious, which leads to the strict prohibition of the private behavior of married women in daily life, and the strict punishment of the sexual behavior that violates the family ethics and rank boundaries. But in real life, women are both the object of domestic violence and the family. From the perspective of law, we have gained an intuitive understanding of women's complex life style.
The third chapter "female and family". Family is the main space of women's activities. It is obvious that family background and environment are very important for women. The family environment not only shapes the way of women's life, but also affects the living state of women. The hierarchical families face different social conditions and conditions. Women from different classes of families are bound to face different problems and circumstances. The underlying family women play an indispensable role in the family economic income, which leads to the rise of women's family status and the concept of "men and women". A powerful boycott. The women of the official family, by virtue of their own or the role of the official's wife, or as the wives of the officials, indirectly participated in and left and right to determine the daily affairs of the officials and the decision of the prison. And, in order to get rid of the reputation of the wife, and so on, some officials and family women have to earn their living and get a certain family and social status.
The fourth chapter "the natural responsibility of women - birth and birth problem". For women, the production and nurturing of young children are the necessary process to complete the transformation of their social roles from their virgins to their wives and their mothers. The relationship between the Han Dynasty government's population proliferation policy and the concept of children's heir in the Han Dynasty brought a relatively superior reproductive environment for women. At the same time, the women who could not have been born were faced with the dilemma of life. The knowledge of production and childbirth in parallel with the witchcraft and the concept of birth and childbirth also brought life and difficulties to the life of women. In particular, the idea that children do not have a great influence on women's physical and mental health.
The fifth chapter "the modality of life of the handmaidservant of the Han Dynasty". As a special group in the Han Dynasty, the maidservant is extremely low in legal status. The humble social identity and attachment role of the law determines the scope of the marriage object of the maidservant, the right of marriage and the form of marriage. But in real life, every slave girl takes on the work. The relationship between the type of movement and the intensity of labor intensity is different. The relationship with the master's family decides the multiple and dynamic role of the maidservant, which affects the survival situation of the maidservant group, which is the way for the maidservant to survive, which further promotes the common women to the maidservant group. The flow of the body.
In a word, in the Han Dynasty, which is the core of the patriarchal system, family ethics and hierarchical identity, different levels and classes of women, as well as the women of the same rank, are different in their living conditions.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K234

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