清代地方道制研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 12:56

本文选题：清代 + 道　；参考：《南开大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】：在明清地方行政制度中,道的发展、沿革较为复杂,其在明清地方事务管理中,发挥了重要作用。明初,以布按两司参政、参议、副使、佥事,分道守巡各地,后这种设官方式逐渐体系化,从而形成了因需而设的各类道缺。明代道的设置规制、演变趋势,对清代影响巨大。明代的道设置数量大,种类多,且无定员。分守、分巡、兵备等道遍设各地后,越来越多的地方行政事务成为他们的主要职掌,使道的职能从监察向行政转变。而且道也从对两司负责,逐渐转为向督抚负责,这一转变和督抚在地方行政地位的逐步确立有关。这些都为清代道制调整作了一定的铺垫,而调整之后的设道体制迥异于明代。入清后,经过清前期各朝的不断调整,各省设道数量和种类减少,一地并设守巡道的情况消失,各守巡道辖区覆盖全省且不重叠。专业道的种类也进行了裁并,且多兼巡地方事务,使设道体制更为精简、统一。清代与明代道制最大的不同,就是在设置规制上。明代设道,大多因需而设,诸道辖区重叠或交叉的情况很常见。清代道制调整之后改变了这一情况,使各直省所有府、直隶州、直隶厅都辖于某道之下。道真正成为了省下,府(直隶州、厅)上的一种区划性设置。各直省辖区辽阔,人口众多,大量地方事务的产生,是道这个层级得以产生并存在的直接条件。各道承命于督抚、两司,分其治于府、直隶州、直隶厅,佐赞督率,上下相维,责任綦重。清代的地方守巡道,已不再是代藩臬分巡所属地方的角色。随着道制的完善,道员的地位、作用日趋固定,乾隆十八年(1753年)遂停各道兼衔之例,并定其品秩为正四品。道员成一独立职官名称,而不再是藩臬佐贰的统称。清初道员选任沿前明旧制,以吏部主选,以应升者论俸升补。后道员地位与作用渐为朝廷所重,其选任改由吏部开单,请旨补授。雍正末乾隆初,定道缺之繁简,并据此以请旨、题调、拣选等方式,由不同的选任主体分别选补。注重品级,人地相宜,是清代道员选任基本原则。清代地方设道经过调整后,一些不必要专设的专业道被裁撤,只保留了粮、盐、河等几类专业道。在清代地方官制中,漕、河、盐等几类专业职官,已形成了相对独立的设官体系。这些专业职官,层级由高至低,各有专设。相关专业道在这些专业职官体系中,与守巡道一样,都处于承上启下的位置。而其在职掌上所具有的专业性,则又明显区别于地方守巡道。不兼巡地方的专业道,一般不涉及地方事务管理,其职掌相对单一清代,地方行政区划和设官情况形成了一个复式多级的模式。从区划上,有省、道、府(直隶州、厅)、县(散州、厅)四级。设官上则有督抚、布按、道员、知府(直隶州知州、直隶厅同知、通判)、知县(知州,厅同知、通判)五层。对于清代中后期,直至清末官制改革前,这一时段内的道(主要指有行政区划的守巡道及部分兼巡地方的专业道),其作为地方一级行政层级的特征明显,完全可以对其地位给予肯定。清末地方官制改革中,谕令各省添设巡警、劝业二道,并保留原有之专业道缺,使道往省属专业职官的方向发展。同时,裁撤以管理地方行政事务为主的守巡道,试图恢复到原来的省、府(直隶州、厅)、县(州、厅)三级设置。至民国初年,地方废除府、州、厅制,府直辖地及州、厅改置县,成省、县二级制。后又在省、县间增道一级,实行省、道、县三级制。但这一制度实行的时间很短,民国十九年(1930年)道彻底被废除。
[Abstract]:In the local administrative system of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of Tao was more complicated, and it played an important role in the management of local affairs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the early Ming Dynasty, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the two divisions were used to participate in the administration, the participation, the vice minister, the affairs, and the patrols. The trend has a great influence on the Qing Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty has a large number of channels, many kinds, and no orders, and more and more local administrative affairs have become their main duties, and the function of the Tao has changed from supervision to administration. Moreover, the Tao is also responsible for the two divisions. The governor is related to the gradual establishment of the local administrative status, which has laid a solid foundation for the adjustment of the road system in the Qing Dynasty, and the adjustment system after the adjustment is quite different from that in the Ming Dynasty.
After the entry of the Qing Dynasty, through the continuous adjustment of each dynasty in the early Qing Dynasty, the number and type of the provinces in each province were reduced, and the situation of the one land and the patrol road was disappearing. The area of the patrol and patrol area covered the whole province and did not overlap. The types of professional roads were also displaced, and many local affairs were also inspecting, making the system more streamlined and unified. The biggest difference between the Qing Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty was the same. It is in the setting regulation. The Ming Dynasty set up Dao, most of which are set up because of the need. The situation of overlapping or crossing in the various jurisdictions is very common. After the adjustment of the Qing Dynasty road system, this situation has been changed, so that all the provinces, Zhili state and Zhili hall are under the jurisdiction of a certain way. The Tao really has become a zoning setting on the province, the prefecture (Zhili Prefecture, Hall). A large number of people, a large number of local affairs, the emergence of a large number of local affairs, is the direct conditions of the formation and existence of this level. Each Tao is ordered by the governor, two divisions, divided into the government, Zhili state, Zhili hall, zzan governor rate, the upper and lower phase dimension, the responsibility and the heavy responsibility.
In the Qing Dynasty, the local patrols were no longer the role of the generation of the patrols. As the system was perfected, the role of the Tao was more and more fixed. The Qianlong eighteen years (1753) stopped all the cases and ranks, and decided that the rank was four. The old system was selected by the officials of the Ministry of officials. The position and function of the post officers were gradually weighed by the government. The election was changed by the Ministry of officials to be replaced by the Ministry of officials. At the end of the Emperor Qianlong of the emperor Yong Zheng, the main bodies of the Qing Dynasty were selected by different elective owners. Basic principle.
In the Qing Dynasty, after the adjustment of the local road, some specialized courses that were not necessary were displaced, and only grain, salt, river and other specialized ways were retained. In the Qing Dynasty, the local official system of the Qing Dynasty, such as water, river, salt and other professional officers, had formed a relatively independent system of setting up officials. In the system of the official official system, it is in the same position as the patrols, and the professionalism of its incumbency is distincently different from the local patrol.
In the Qing Dynasty, local administrative divisions and officials had formed a multilevel model. From the zoning, there were four levels of provincial, Dao, mansion (Zhili state, Hall), and county (scattered state, Hall). There were governors, cloth press, Tao staff, Zhi Fu (Zhili state, Zhili Tongzhi, Tongzhi), and Zhi county (Zhi Zhou, halls, Tongzhi, general sentence). For the middle and late Qing Dynasty, until the late Qing Dynasty Before the reform of the official system, the road in this period (mainly refers to the administrative division of the patrol and part of the local professional road), as a local level of the level of administrative level obviously, can be fully affirmed to its status. In the late Qing Dynasty, the local bureaucracy reform, ordered the provinces to add patrol police, two ways, and retain the original lack of professional road, so that the road To the direction of provincial professional officials, at the same time, to dispose of the local administrative affairs and try to restore to the original province, to restore to the original province, the government (Zhili Prefecture, Hall), county (state, Hall) three levels. By the beginning of the Republic of China, the local abolition of the government, state, hall system, the government and the state, the county, into the province, the county two level system. Province, road, county three level system, but this system was implemented for a very short time. The nineteen year (1930) road was completely abolished in the Republic of China.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】