秩序与人：先秦儒家法思想新论

发布时间：2018-05-20 09:24

本文选题：先秦 + 儒家　；参考：《西北大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】：近代以来，随之西方“法治”观念传入中国，引起了国人对本土法文化的关注和反思，一部分学人以西方法为先进文明的标尺对中古法展开批判，另一部分学人则出于对传统文化的热爱着力于在传统中寻找类似西方法的观念，并力图勾勒中古法的理论体系。但遗憾地是，多数对中古法的研究只是局限于西方法或现代法框架内，不能切合中国传统文化的实际，而他们对西方法的认识也只是停留在表层，没有发掘出法的真正含义。针对前人对古代法思想研究的种种不足，本文认为法在本质上是一个社会工程，其功能是调整社会关系和维护特定条件下社会秩序。法的价值目标是实现能够体现整个社会的发展方向、体现人的主体性和人的尊严，实现人的理想。基于这个角度，本文借鉴思想史、社会史的方法，从中国古代社会的实际状况出发，以先秦儒家为切入点，“陈述”古代社会的结构和秩序状态，分析不同思想学派对社会秩序及其实现方式的思考，进而厘定出能够实现法的目的、价值的中古法的范畴，以便为现代法理提供借鉴。先秦儒家所处的时代，是一个礼乐征伐“自诸侯出”、“自大夫出”的“无道”时代，整个社会处于剧烈的动荡之中。面对国际社会中霸权对王权的藐视，大小诸侯国“不务德而兵争”的残酷厮杀，国内社会中的以臣弑君、以下犯上的等级失衡，家庭生活中的子弑其父、无孝无悌的道德失范，先秦儒家在一种“天人合一”的哲学思维下，完成了对“有道”秩序的构想，希望以此为标尺，化无道为有道，创造一个君臣相正、诸侯相安、等级相序、家庭和睦的和谐社会。先秦儒家还提出了实现理想的具体方案。一方面，他们试图以礼乐文化为主，刑法文化为辅的方式从人的外部入手、依靠外在力量而实现：另一方面，他们更希望从人的内部入手、依靠人的内在力量实现。换言之，即通过人(统治者和被统治者)对理想秩序的体认，而产生的道德行为的自觉。对于这种对理想秩序的设想和实现方式，本文以国际秩序、等级秩序和家庭秩序为题分别进行了详细的论述。在国际秩序中，先秦儒家把生活在共同的地域、有着共同的文化生活和价值观念的人一律视为天下之民，，一视同仁。认为“天下”是天下人之天下，无论是谁代“天”牧民，都要主持社会正义、利群为公、大公无私、诚信无欺、普济众生。以“天下为公”为思想为出发点，儒家在国际秩序和国际道德问题上，提出了以天下为本位的国际和合秩序观，主张在国际交往中应以“仁”、“仁义”为道
[Abstract]:Since modern times, the concept of "rule of law" in the West has been introduced into China, which has aroused people's concern and reflection on the local legal culture. Some scholars criticized the ancient Chinese method by the standard of advanced civilization. The other part of the scholars, out of their love of traditional culture, focuses on the idea of looking for similar western methods in tradition, and tries to outline the theoretical system of the ancient Chinese method. Unfortunately, most of the studies on ancient Chinese law are confined to the framework of western law or modern law, and can not meet the reality of Chinese traditional culture, and their understanding of western law is only on the surface, and they have not discovered the true meaning of law. In view of the shortcomings of the previous studies on ancient legal thought, this paper holds that law is essentially a social project, and its function is to adjust social relations and maintain social order under specific conditions. The value goal of law is to realize the development direction of the whole society, the subjectivity and dignity of man, and the realization of human ideal. Based on this angle, this paper draws lessons from the methods of ideological history and social history, starting from the actual situation of ancient Chinese society, taking the pre-Qin Confucianism as the starting point, "stating" the structure and order state of the ancient society, This paper analyzes the thinking of different schools of thought on the social order and its realization, and then determines the category of the ancient law which can realize the purpose and value of the law, in order to provide reference for the modern legal theory. The pre-Qin Confucianists lived in an era of "coming out of princes" and "from doctors", the whole society was in violent turbulence. In the face of the hegemonic contempt for Wang Quan in the international community, the cruel fighting between great and small states "fighting for military service without virtue," and the domestic society in which ministers kill their princes, the following crimes are out of balance in rank, the son in family life kills his father, and there is no filial piety and no filial piety. In the pre-Qin period, under the philosophical thinking of "harmony of nature and man", Confucianism completed the conception of "youdao" order, hoping to use it as a yardstick, to turn a monarch and a minister into a good one, and to create a monarch and minister who were in peace with each other, and who were in the order of rank. A harmonious society at home Pre-Qin Confucianism also put forward the realization of the ideal of the specific scheme. On the one hand, they try to take the culture of etiquette and music as the main part, and the criminal law culture as the auxiliary way to start from the outside of people and rely on the external forces to realize; on the other hand, they want to start from the inside of people and rely on the internal strength of people to realize. In other words, the consciousness of moral behavior comes from the realization of ideal order by man (ruler and governed). This paper discusses in detail the international order, the hierarchical order and the family order. In the international order, the pre-Qin Confucianists regarded the people living in the same region and having the same cultural life and values as the people of the world without distinction. It is believed that "the world" is the world of the whole world, no matter who represents the herdsmen of "heaven", they should uphold social justice, benefit the masses for the public, be selfless, honest and honest, and benefit all living beings. Taking the idea that "the world is common to people" as the starting point, the Confucian school put forward the view of international harmony order based on the world standard on the international order and international moral issues, and advocated that "benevolence" and "benevolence" should be taken as the way in international communication.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D909.2;K225

【引证文献】