先秦多都并存制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-20 12:11

本文选题：先秦 + 多都并存制度　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 多都并存制度是指同一个王朝或政权在同一时期设置多座都城的制度。先秦时期存在着广泛而普遍的多都并存现象。根据《现代汉语词典(修订本)》对制度的定义:“制度是指在一定历史条件下形成的政治、经济、文化等方面的体系”,表明“制度”可以是成文的,如西周时期对营建洛邑的成文记载,春秋时期晋国对曲沃“下国”的说法,战国时期燕国下都、上都的对照以及齐国“五都”的记载等;制度也可以是不成文而约定俗成的,包括夏商政权的多都并存以及春秋战国时期大部分政权未明确记载而实际施行的多座都城同时存在的制度。因此,笔者认为,先秦时期多都并存已经形成一个“体系”,由现象上升至制度层面。先秦是多都并存制度的滥觞时期,其都城设置和都城功能对后世都城制度有着深刻而广泛的影响。本文的研究共分三个部分: 第一部分即第一章绪论,通过对选题的简要分析和研究现状的深入总结,提出本文的研究思路。第二部分是本研究的主体部分,包括第二章到第九章,通过实证案例研究分别复原了夏、商、西周、晋、楚、秦、齐、燕等八个政权的都城设置的情况、各座都城的地位及都城地位的变化。第二章通过对夏代文献资料和相应考古资料的分析,推测:不论是在夏代早期还是在夏代晚期,其都邑都存在着数都并存的现象。第三章探讨了商代的都城迁移和多都并存制度。商代早期的都城,从考古发掘来看主要有偃师商城和郑州商城两座,对比其规模,得出结论:郑州商城为文献记载中的郑亳,是早商的主要都城,偃师商城为文献记载中的西亳,是早商的军事性陪都。商代中期,可能实行圣都俗都制度,俗都屡次迁徙,而圣都不变。到商代晚期,安阳殷墟是主要都城,这一时期,出现在文献记载中的都城还有“成汤之故居”,可能为陪都,朝歌为离宫,不能看作是都城。第四章探讨了西周时期的多座都城设置与都城地位的变化。西周时期的多都并存制度是非常明确的,岐周、宗周、成周三座都城依次向东。其都城功能和政治地位各有不同。从都城功能来看,在西周时期,岐周是宗教祭祀意味较为浓厚的都城,是圣都;宗周承担着主要都城的功能,是行政都城;成周主要承担前线都城的功能,军事意义较浓。从政治地位来看,在西周时期,宗周一直是主都,而岐周和成周均处于陪都地位,只不过到西周中晚期岐周都城地位逐渐降低,而成周的政治地位愈益重要。第五章研究了晋国的多都并存制度,晋的都城发展包括三个阶段:从叔虞封唐开始到晋昭侯封桓叔于曲沃是晋国都城发展的第一个阶段,翼与绛为同地异名,晋有唐和绛(翼)两都,唐的设置略早于绛,在西周中期废弃,唐在废弃之前可能与绛并存了一段时间。从晋昭侯封桓叔于曲沃开始到晋景公迁都新田是晋国都城设置的第二个阶段,曲沃从割据政权的政治中心演变为晋国新政权的圣都,绛为晋的主都。第三个阶段从晋景公迁都新田开始至晋国灭亡,新田为晋都,旧都绛和圣都曲沃地位明显下降,文献记载少有提及。第六章探讨了秦的圣都制度与都城体系。秦封为诸侯之后有八座都城西垂(西犬丘)、lg、lg渭之会、平阳、雍、泾阳、栎阳、咸阳。从都城的宗教地位来看,这些都城可以分为圣都与俗都两大类,西垂、雍为圣都,其他都城是不同时期的俗都;从都城的军事地位来看,可分为前线都城和根据地都城,一般来说,俗都都是前线都城,是为了开拓疆土而建都的,圣都为根据地都城。在战国时期,秦人有两座圣都:西垂与雍。第七章分析了楚国的都城。春秋战国时期楚国的主要都城为南郢,楚国在南郢以北建立了多座军事性陪都,是其称霸诸侯、抗拒中夏的战略要地;同时,鄂城是南郢的东部门户,也是春秋时期楚国的陪都之一。第八章通过分析文献,复原了齐在春秋战国时期的多都并存制度,认为:临淄长期作为主要都城,对齐国的政治、军事发抨了重要作用。从春秋后期开始,齐国陆续在边疆的军事重镇设置了四座陪都,与临淄合称“五都”。笔者认为齐国五都应为临淄、高唐、博、平陆、邺殿,其中,临淄无疑是齐国主都,而其他四都则是军事性陪都。这种多都设置方式,是一种有效的边疆控制手段。第九章探讨了燕的多都并存制度。在西周晚期偏后的时候,燕惠侯将燕都从房山琉璃河董家林城址迁至蓟城,此后直到燕被秦所灭。蓟城在大部分时间里一直是燕国主要都城。战国时期,由于燕国要南向中原与其它六国征战,因此,在南部军事重镇相继建立了易与下都武阳两座陪都。第三部分包括第十章和第十二章,探讨了先秦多都并存制度的确立及发展,多都并存制度形成的原因及其对后世的影响。
[Abstract]:The system of multi capital coexistence refers to the system of setting up a number of capitals at the same time by the same dynasty or regime. There is a widespread and universal phenomenon of multiple coexistence in the pre Qin period. According to the definition of the modern Chinese Dictionary (Revised Edition), the system refers to the system of political, economic, and cultural aspects formed under certain historical conditions. The "system" can be written, such as the written records of the construction of Luo Yi in the period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the statement of the Jin state to Quwo "next country" during the spring and Autumn period, the contrast of Yan state in the Warring States period and the record of the "five capital" in Qi State, and the system can also be unwritten, including the coexistence of the summer Shang regime and the spring and Autumn period. In the period of the Warring States period, most of the regimes that had not been clearly recorded in the period of the Warring States period existed at the same time. Therefore, the author believed that the pre Qin period had formed a "system", from the phenomenon to the system level. The pre Qin period was the beginning of the multi capital coexistence system, and its capital city and capital function had the system of the later capital. A profound and extensive influence.
The study of this article is divided into three parts:
The first part is the introduction of the first chapter. Through the brief analysis of the topic and the in-depth summary of the research status, the paper puts forward the research train of thought.
The second part is the main part of this study, including second chapters and ninth chapters. Through empirical case study, the status of the capital city of Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Jin, Chu, Qin, Qi, Yan, etc., the status of the capital city and the status of the capital are changed. The second chapter through the analysis of the literature of the Xia Dynasty and the corresponding archaeological data. In the early summer and late Xia Dynasty, the capital city of the Shang Dynasty had all the coexistence phenomena. The third chapter discussed the capital city migration and the multi capital coexistence system in the Shang Dynasty. The early Shang Dynasty, from the archaeological excavation, mainly included the Yanshi commercial city and the Zhengzhou commercial city, compared its scale, and concluded that the Zhengzhou commercial city was recorded in the literature. Zheng Bo, the main capital city of the early Shang Dynasty, was the military capital of the Shang Dynasty in the Yanshi merchant city. In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, the system of Saint capital may be carried out, and the custom was repeatedly migrated, and the holy capital remained unchanged. In the late Shang Dynasty, the Yin Ruins in Anyang were the main capital. In this period, the capital city and the former residence of Tang Dynasty appeared in the period of the literature. In the fourth chapter, the multi capital city setting and the change of capital status were discussed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The multi capital coexistence system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was very clear, the Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty, and the Wednesday capitals were eastward in turn. The function and political status of the capital city were different. In the Zhou period, Qi Zhou was a city of religious sacrifice which meant a strong capital and was a holy capital. Zong Zhou took the function of the main capital and was the capital city; the Zhou Dynasty mainly took the function of the front capital city and the military significance was strong. From the political position, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zong Zhou was the main capital, and the Qi Zhou and the week were all in the capital city, but only in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the middle and late period, the status of the capital city was gradually reduced, and the political status of the Zhou Dynasty became more and more important. The fifth chapter studied the multi capital coexistence system of Jin State. The development of the capital of Jin Dynasty included three stages: from the beginning of the Tang Yu to the Tang Dynasty to Quwo, the first stage of the development of Jin's capital was the same place of the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin has Tang Hejiang (wing) two. All, Tang was set slightly earlier than Jiang, abandoned in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Before the Tang was abandoned, it may coexist with Jiang. From Quwo to Jin Jing Gong to Xintian is the second stage set up in Jin state capital, and Quwo evolved from the political center of the regime to the Holy capital of the new regime of Jin State, which is the main capital of Jin. Third From the Jin Jing Gong to Xintian in Jin, Xintian is the Jin State, Xintian is the capital of Jin, the status of the old capital and the holy capital of Quwo is obviously reduced. The sixth chapter discusses the system of the holy capital and the capital system of Qin Dynasty. After the Qin Dynasty, there are eight capital cities in the West (West dog Hill), the LG, the Wei River, Pingyang, yongyang, Jingyang and Xianyang. In the view of the religious status of the city, these capital cities can be divided into two categories: the holy capital and the vulgar, the West pendant, the holy city, the other capital cities in different periods. From the military status of the capital, the capital city can be divided into the front capital city and the base capital city. Generally speaking, the vulgar capital is the front capital city, it is to open up the territory and build the capital, and the holy capital is the capital city of the base. During the Warring States period, the people of the Qin Dynasty had two holy cities: the west sag and the Yonghe. The seventh chapter analyzed the capital of Chu state. The main capital of Chu state was South Ying in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, and the Chu state established a number of military accompanying capital in the north of South Ying, which is its hegemony and the strategic place of resisting the middle summer; at the same time, the eastern gateway of South Ying and the Chu state in the spring and Autumn period. One of the accompanying capital. The eighth chapter, through the analysis of the literature, restored the multiple co-existence system in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. It was considered that Linzi was a major capital city for a long time. It has made an important role in the political and military affairs of the Qi state. From the late spring and Autumn period, Qi has set up four accompanying capital in the military heavy town of the border area, and the "five capital" together with Linzi. Five should be Linzi, Gaotang, Bo, Pinglu, yeh Dian, and Linzi is undoubtedly the main capital of the Qi State, and the other four are the military capital. This is an effective way to control the frontier. The ninth chapter discusses the multiple coexistence of Yan's system. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Yan Huihou took the Yan Du from the Fangshan Li River river. The city site of Dong Jialin moved to thistle City, after which Yan was destroyed by Qin Dynasty. Thistle city was the main capital of Yan state for most of the time. During the Warring States period, Yan state had to exclaim in the Central Plains and other six countries in the south. Therefore, two accompanying capital of Wuyang were established in the southern military heavy town.
The third part includes the tenth chapter and the twelfth chapter, and probes into the establishment and development of the multi capital coexistence system in the pre Qin period, the reasons for the formation of the multi capital coexistence system and its influence on the later generations.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K225;K221

【参考文献】