明代马政的发展与黄土高原地区牧马草场的变化

发布时间：2018-05-27 15:12

本文选题：明代 + 西北地区　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 马政是指我国历代政府对官用马匹的牧养、征调和使用为主要任务的一系列政策制度和规章的总称。在古代因为马政与军事有着非常紧密的联系,所以一直受到历代统治者的重视。明代因为国防形势等因素的影响尤为重视马政。明代的马政发展经历了繁荣、衰落、整顿与衰亡等主要过程,在其发展过程中呈现出始盛终衰的特征;在马政发展的同时,草场的发展也呈阶段性发展,黄土高原地区的草场分布比较广泛,面积也十分辽阔,尤其是陕西、山西部分地区牧马草场的发展最为突出。马政和草场的发展有着十分密切的关系,本文试图以时间为主线,按明代马政发展的具体状况将其分为两个主要阶段,依据大量的史料,通过历史文献考证法、结合图表与数据,尽可能地复原明代马政的真实情况和明代黄土高原地区牧马草场的发展变化过程,并在此基础上,考察不同时期黄土高原地区牧马草场的经营管理和利用情况,探究其盛衰原因以及马政与牧马草场之间之互动关系。明初鉴于国防建设的需要,国家对马政很是重视,为此开始大力发展马政事业,从中央到地方建立了一套完备的马政管理机构。在中央设太仆寺,在地方择水草丰茂之地建立了苑马寺,即为国家级的军需养马场。除此之外,还在山西、辽东等军事重地建立了行太仆寺,在各军事据点以卫所为单位发展军牧事业。在此努力下,明代马政创造了辉煌,为明代军事发展带来了极大的积极作用;此时因为在全国马政繁荣发展的大背景下,牧马草场也随之发展,此时黄土高原地区的牧马草场更是发展良好。自宣德以后,明朝马政的发展大不如前,开始出现衰落的迹象。主要表现是国家发展马政的政策开始收缩,如对马政管理机构的精简。但是马政的发展还能基本适应明代政治军事发展的需要。此时黄土高原地区的牧马草场中,陕北的延绥镇及山西诸卫所的牧马草场发展态势依然比较良好。至孝宗时,因为明政治的日益腐败与衰落,马政发展过程中问题层出不穷,使得马政无以继续,孝宗出于国防的考虑,起用杨一清整顿陕西马政,初期取得了一定效果,但是后来效果不佳。在这样的背景下,牧马草场的发展得不到政策等各方面因素的支撑,也逐渐消失。纵观以上,可以看出明代马政发展和黄土高原地区牧马草场的发展都是始盛终衰的一个过程,它们的发展受许多共同因素的影响,究其原因主要是与政治的清明与否、草场数量的减少、用人不当等方面因素有关。它们的发展是一个同步互动的过程,两者互为条件相互依赖而存在。本文的创新之处在于完整、系统地复原了明代马政的原貌和黄土高原地区牧马草场的变化过程,对牧马草场做了动态上的研究,并在此基础上探讨了马政与牧马草场的具体关系,以期能对相关研究做些参考。
[Abstract]:Ma Zheng refers to a series of policies, systems and rules that the successive governments of our country have adopted as the main task of raising, recruiting and using horses for official use. In ancient times, because of the close relationship between horse politics and military affairs, it has always been attached importance to by successive rulers. Ming Dynasty because of the national defense situation and other factors especially attached importance to Ma Zheng. In the Ming Dynasty, the development of horse politics experienced the main processes of prosperity, decline, rectification and decline. The grassland in the Loess Plateau is widely distributed and has a vast area, especially in Shaanxi, Shanxi Province, the development of horse pasture is the most prominent. There is a very close relationship between Ma Zheng and the development of pasture. This paper attempts to divide the development of Ma Zheng into two main stages according to the specific situation of the development of horse politics in Ming Dynasty, based on a large amount of historical data, through the method of textual research of historical documents, based on time as the main line and according to the specific situation of the development of horse politics in Ming Dynasty. Combined with charts and data, the true situation of horse politics in Ming Dynasty and the development and change process of horse pasture in the loess plateau of Ming Dynasty were restored as far as possible, and on this basis, This paper investigates the management and utilization of horse pasture in Loess Plateau in different periods, and probes into the reasons for its rise and fall and the interaction between horse politics and horse pasture. In the early Ming Dynasty, in view of the need of national defense construction, the state attached great importance to the horse politics, so it began to vigorously develop the horse politics cause, and set up a set of complete horse-government management institutions from the central government to the local government. In the central Taipu Temple, in the local selection of water and grass Fengmao set up the Yuan Ma Temple, that is, the national quartermaster racetrack. In addition, in Shanxi, Liaodong and other military important places to establish the Taipu Temple, in the military strongholds for the development of military herding as a unit. As a result of this effort, the horse politics of the Ming Dynasty created splendor, which brought great positive effects to the military development of the Ming Dynasty. At this time, under the background of the prosperity and development of the national horse politics, the pasture also developed. At this time, the Loess Plateau area of horse pasture is a good development. Since Xuande, the development of horse politics in Ming Dynasty was not as good as before, and began to show signs of decline. The main performance is the national policy to develop the horse policy began to shrink, such as the streamlining of the horse administration. However, the development of Ma Zheng can meet the needs of political and military development in Ming Dynasty. At this time, in the pasture of Loess Plateau, the development situation of Yan-Sui Town in Northern Shaanxi and Zhuwei Institute in Shanxi Province is still good. At the time of filial piety, because of the increasing corruption and decline of Ming politics, the problems in the development of horse politics emerged in endlessly, which made it impossible for Ma government to continue. For the sake of national defense, Xiao Zong started to use Yang Yiqing to rectify the Shaanxi Ma government, and achieved certain results at the initial stage. But then it didn't work. In this context, the development of horse pasture can not be supported by policies and other factors, and gradually disappeared. Looking at the above, we can see that both the development of horse politics in the Ming Dynasty and the development of horse pasture in the Loess Plateau were both a process of beginning prosperity and final decline, and their development was influenced by many common factors, mainly because of the clarity of politics. The decrease in the number of pasture, improper employment and other factors related. Their development is a process of synchronous interaction, and they exist as conditional interdependence. The innovation of this paper lies in the integrity of the restoration of the original appearance of the horse politics of the Ming Dynasty and the changing process of the horse pasture in the Loess Plateau. On this basis, the relationship between horse politics and horse pasture is discussed in order to make some reference to relevant research.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F329;K248

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