宋神宗军事思想研究

发布时间：2018-06-06 03:26

本文选题：宋神宗 + 军事思想　；参考：《河北大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】：治平四年(1067)至元丰八年(1084)为北宋神宗在位时期。神宗即位后施行了一系列富国强兵之策,希望以此解决宋朝长期以来形成的“三冗”问题,以及改变“积贫”、“积弱”的社会现实。宋神宗即位后“志在刷耻”,希望重新树立宋朝天朝上国的威严,解除长期以来辽朝和西夏带给宋朝的军事压力,完成宋太祖制订的“先南后北”这一战略部署。神宗的军事思想以实现开疆拓土,增强宋军的战斗力为中心。为了实现开疆拓土的目标,宋神宗根据北方形势制订了“先西后北”的军事战略,希望攻取熙河以断西夏右臂,进而攻取西夏,在占领西夏之后再出兵辽朝,收回五代时陷落的燕云十六州地区。同时神宗还希望将宋朝境内的羁縻州县管理方式变为宋政府直接统辖,为此在荆湖、四川、广南等地发动了多次战争,以杜绝羁縻州县叛乱情况的出现。但是在处理这一系列的军事目标之时,神宗并非拥有合理的统筹之策,而是同时发战事于四方,这在很大程度上增加了宋朝军事与经济压力,不符合宋朝当时“积贫”“积弱”的社会现实。于是其结果是,除熙河之役外,多数的战争以宋军失败告终。但神宗的这种战略思想一直影响着宋哲宗、宋徽宗二帝,使得北宋晚期继续着神宗时制订的“先西后北”军事战略。为了实现加强宋军战斗力的目的,宋神宗施行了一系列强兵之法。在统兵将领的选择上,神宗并不是只拘泥于之前宋朝长期施行的多以文臣领兵的做法,而是大胆的任用武将、宦官等多种出身且有军事才能的将领统率军队。这固然发掘一系列的人才,对宋朝军制的完善有着积极的意义,但是宋神宗却忽视了对将领间内部矛盾的调节,每逢将领协同作战之时,将领间出现的私人矛盾常会损耗宋军的战斗力,对战争造成很大的消极影响。宋神宗为解决冗兵问题实施了并营减员的精兵政策,并在国内大范围施行民兵之法——保甲制,以求全民皆兵。此外神宗还先后改革了宋朝的武器制作与战马选购之法。宋神宗的这些强兵思想在一定程度上实现了提高宋朝军队战斗力的目的。但是在熙丰年间宋神宗却未在军事上取得更大的胜利。这是由多种原因造成的,首先宋朝长期以来“积贫”、“积弱”的社会现实限制了宋朝军队在短期之内迅速提高战斗力。其次宋神宗自己选派将帅不当,不注意协调将领间的矛盾,缺乏一个全面合理的军事部署,这些疏漏使宋朝本就有限的军事实力不能得到最大限度的发挥。
[Abstract]:Zhiping four years from 1067) to Yuanfeng eight years of 1084) for the Northern Song Dynasty Shenzong reign. Shenzong adopted a series of strategies to make the country rich and strong, hoping to solve the problem of "three redundancy" formed for a long time in the Song Dynasty and to change the social reality of "accumulation of poverty" and "accumulation of weakness". After Song Shenzong came to the throne, he "set up his shame" and hoped to re-establish the prestige of the upper kingdom of the Song Dynasty, relieve the military pressure brought by the Liao Dynasty and the Western Xia Dynasty for a long time, and complete the strategic deployment of "first the south before the north" formulated by the Song Dynasty Taizu. Shenzong's military thought centered on opening up the frontier and enhancing the combat effectiveness of the Song army. In order to realize the goal of opening up the frontier in Xinjiang, Song Shenzong formulated a military strategy of "first west then north" according to the situation in the north, hoping to capture the Xihe River to break the right arm of the Xixia, and then to attack the Xixia, and then send troops to the Liao Dynasty after the occupation of the Xixia. Recovered from the fall of the five dynasties Yan Yun 16 state area. At the same time, Shenzong also hoped to change the management of Jimi counties in the Song Dynasty into the direct jurisdiction of the Song government. For this reason, many wars were launched in Jinghu, Sichuan, Guangnan and other places in order to put an end to the rebellion in Jimi prefectures and counties. However, in dealing with this series of military objectives, Shenzong did not have a reasonable overall plan, but at the same time engaged in war in the four directions, which to a large extent increased the military and economic pressure of the Song Dynasty. It does not accord with the social reality of "accumulating poverty" and "accumulating weakness" in Song Dynasty. As a result, most of the wars ended in the defeat of the Song army except the Battle of the Xihe River. However, this kind of strategic thought of Shenzong has always influenced Song Ze-zong and Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty, which made the late Northern Song Dynasty continue the military strategy of "first west then north" made by Shenzong. In order to achieve the purpose of strengthening the combat effectiveness of the Song army, Song Shenzong implemented a series of laws to strengthen the armed forces. In the selection of generals, Shenzong was not confined to the Song Dynasty long practice of leading the military, but the bold appointment of military generals, eunuchs, and other military talent of a variety of generals to lead the army. This certainly discovered a series of talented people, has the positive significance to the Song Dynasty military system consummation, but Song Shenzong has neglected to the general internal contradiction adjustment, every time when the general coordinated combat, The personal conflict between generals often drains the battle effectiveness of Song Army and has a great negative effect on the war. In order to solve the problem of redundant soldiers, Song Shenzong implemented the policy of reducing and reducing the number of soldiers, and carried out the system of militia in a large scale in China, in order to make the whole people join the armed forces. In addition, Shenzong also reformed the Song Dynasty's weapons production and horse purchase method. To a certain extent, the Song Shenzong's idea of strengthening the army realized the purpose of improving the combat effectiveness of the army in the Song Dynasty. But during the Xifeng years, Shenzong did not win a greater military victory. This was caused by a variety of reasons. Firstly, the social reality of "accumulating poverty" and "accumulating weakness" in the Song Dynasty for a long time restricted the army of the Song Dynasty to raise its combat effectiveness rapidly in the short term. Secondly, Song Shenzong himself chose generals inappropriately, did not pay attention to the coordination of the contradictions between generals, and lacked a comprehensive and reasonable military deployment. These omissions prevented the Song Dynasty from exerting its limited military strength to the maximum extent.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：E292;K244

【参考文献】