明清中原生态环境变迁与社会应对

发布时间：2018-06-15 15:38

  本文选题：明清时期 + 中原　； 参考：《南京大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：明清时期,中原许多地方出现程度不同的生态环境问题,或土壤沙化、盐碱化,土质下降；或植被缩减,物种减少；或河湖淤塞,水利堙废,导致人们的日常生活环境恶化,灾害繁剧。究其原因,可以发现,除受地理位置和气候等自然因素影响外,人们过度垦殖土地,毁坏草木植被,致使水土流失加剧；黄河等河流不时决溢,使许多良田成为沙地或盐碱地；频繁的水灾、旱灾、蝗灾等自然灾害和战乱的破坏,使草木植被受到严重摧残；中原百姓的开采矿产活动,也令当地的土地资源和植被饱受池鱼之殃。此诸多不利因素无不影响着这一带的生态环境。中原生态环境的变迁既是一个自然化的过程,又是一个社会化的过程。既具有某些与全国其他地区生态环境变迁相同的特点,又呈现出鲜明的中原地方特色。当然,中原并不是所有地方的生态环境都趋于恶化,而是一部分地区。各个地区的环境问题也并非完全相同,而存在不小的差异。许多地方的环境质量也不是一直都在下降,而是具有或明或暗的阶段性,甚至有时会出现反复。生态环境恶化之下,许多地方的大量良田被毁,水利工程严重淤毁,粮食单位面积产量下降,农业发展举步维艰。一些昔日繁华的城镇因受生态环境恶化的影响而衰败,百姓则因灾害频繁、地去粮存而困苦不堪。面对日益严重的生态环境恶化问题,当地官府和民间社会努力采取一些应对措施以改善环境,或疏浚河道,兴修水利；或种植树木,保护植被；或治理瘠土,改进农业生产；或熬制盐、硝、碱,变废为宝；或限制采矿活动,减轻其对环境的危害。因地制宜,不拘一格。中原人民采取的这些举措效果不一,有些措施成效显著,使生态问题得到一定程度地缓和,而有些措施所收成效却很有限,甚至徒劳无功。明清时期,中原的农业生产技术没有实质性的突破,人口不断增加对环境造成的压力愈来愈大,加之整体上人们的环境保护意识不强,致使一些地方的环境问题长期得不到解决。这也使不少地方的生态问题虽然得到一定缓和,但并不能持久。从总体上看,中原人民解决生态环境问题时采取的诸多举措,大多旋兴旋废,效果有限,未能根本解决问题。许多地方的生态环境问题依旧非常突出,而且有继续恶化的迹象,当地百姓解决生态环境问题的任务依然艰巨。尽管如此,其成败发人深思,对当今我们探索解决环境问题的有效途径不无启迪意义。
[Abstract]:During the Ming and Qing dynasties, many places in the Central Plains experienced ecological and environmental problems of varying degrees, such as soil desertification, salinization, soil quality decline, vegetation shrinking and species decreasing, or river and lake silting and water conservancy, which led to the deterioration of people's daily living environment. Disaster drama. It can be found that, in addition to the influence of natural factors such as geographical location and climate, people over-reclamation land, destroy vegetation, cause soil and water loss to intensify, rivers such as the Yellow River overflow from time to time, making many good fields become sandy land or saline-alkali land; Frequent floods, droughts, locust disasters and other natural disasters and the destruction of war, the vegetation has been severely destroyed; the mining activities of the people of the Central Plains also caused the local land resources and vegetation to suffer from pond fish. All these unfavorable factors affect the ecological environment in this area. The change of ecological environment in Central Plains is not only a process of naturalization, but also a process of socialization. It not only has the same characteristics as other areas in China, but also presents distinct local characteristics of Central Plains. Of course, the Central Plains is not all the ecological environment tends to deteriorate, but part of the region. Environmental problems are not exactly the same across regions, and there are significant differences. In many places, the quality of the environment is not always declining, but with or light or dark phases, and sometimes repeated. Under the deterioration of the ecological environment, a large number of good fields in many places have been destroyed, water conservancy projects have been seriously destroyed, grain production per unit area has declined, and the development of agriculture has been difficult. Some of the former prosperous towns were decayed by the deterioration of the ecological environment, while the common people suffered from frequent disasters and the loss of grain. In the face of the worsening ecological environment, the local government and civil society try to take some measures to improve the environment, or to dredge the river, to build water conservancy, or to plant trees to protect vegetation, or to control the barren soil and improve agricultural production; Or salt, nitrate, alkali, waste into treasure; or limit mining activities to reduce its environmental hazards. Take measures according to local conditions. The results of these measures taken by the people of the Central Plains are different, some of which have remarkable effects, so that the ecological problems have been alleviated to a certain extent, while some measures have achieved very limited results, even in vain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was no substantial breakthrough in the agricultural production technology of the Central Plains, the increasing pressure on the environment caused by the increasing population, and the fact that the environmental protection consciousness of the people as a whole was not strong. As a result, environmental problems in some places have not been solved for a long time. This also makes many places the ecological problem although obtain certain ease, but can not last. On the whole, many measures taken by the people of the Central Plains to solve the ecological environmental problems, most of which are revolving around the waste, have limited effect, and can not solve the problem fundamentally. Ecological environmental problems are still very prominent in many places, and there are signs of further deterioration, local people's task to solve ecological environmental problems is still arduous. Nevertheless, its success or failure is thought-provoking and enlightening for us to explore effective ways to solve environmental problems.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K248
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本文编号：2022550