秦汉之际纵横策士考论

发布时间：2018-06-16 01:33

本文选题：秦汉之际 + 纵横策士　；参考：《西北师范大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 全文共分四章,第一章重点考察秦汉之际纵横策士存在的背景,第二、三章集中论述秦汉之际纵横策士的生平行事、著述和基本思想,第四章着力探讨秦汉之际纵横策士衰亡的原因。从秦末农民起义至西汉武帝时期这一百余年,我们称之为秦汉之际。这一时期纵横家书传播甚广,纵横之术广为传习,纵横游说之风依然盛行。在此种形势下,出现了一批继战国纵横家之后活跃于秦汉之际学习长短纵横之术,以游说权谋见长,直接服务于当时政治、军事和外交斗争的士人。这就是秦汉之际纵横策士。他们是战国纵横家在秦汉之际新形势下的流变。秦汉之际特殊的政治格局、社会风尚和思想文化背景,为纵横策士的崛起提供了适合的条件。在政治领域内,秦汉之际诸侯分立与争战的政治格局是纵横策士赖以存在的社会基础,同时也为他们提供了广阔的历史活动舞台。在社会风尚方面,秦汉之际养士之风又盛,士人游学、游仕之风再兴,使纵横策士有了广泛的基层来源。在思想领域内,诸子复兴和融合,纵横家思想也随之复兴。战国纵横家文化在秦汉之际得到广泛传播,这一时期学者的著述,子书如陆贾《新语》、贾谊《新书》、刘安诸人《淮南子》等,史书如司马迁《史记》,都对纵横家生平事迹进行了著录和评说。纵横家文化的广泛传播,带动了纵横家学说的繁荣,促进了纵横策士的发展。在秦汉之际的政治舞台上,纵横策士是一批异常活跃的人物。他们大多对当时的政治形势有比较深刻的理解,又擅长于计谋策略,对当时局势的发展产生过重要影响。郦食其、蒯通、陆贾、邹阳、枚乘、主父偃是其中比较具有代表性的人物,除他们之外,还有随何、羊胜、公孙诡、严助、伍被、边通、徐乐、严安和聊苍等人。他们或曾学习长短纵横之术,或曾著有纵横家书,都以战国纵横家行事为行为模式,以其纵横开拓、进取为人的思想精神为核心价值取向。秦汉之际纵横策士虽无系统、完整的学术观点,但也有自己的思想主张。纵横策士是统一思想的积极支持者,在中国大一统思想发展历程中起到了重要的承续作用。他们从理论上、行动上对于重民和贵士思想的阐释,推动了人本思想在秦汉之际的发展。在人生哲学上,他们崇奉进取之道和论行结交。具体表现为:在生平行事上,他们表现出一种以行动求事功的进取的人生哲学风貌;在君臣关系上,他们更加注重君臣之间的相互选择。纵横策士虽以纵横家学说为主,同时又兼采别家,对道、儒、兵等家思想多有吸收。他们所展示的与道、儒等各家大异其趣的思想学说和精神风貌,构成了秦汉政治文化史上斑斓多彩、引人注目的一页。西汉武帝时期政治、社会、思想等领域一系列的变化,使纵横之学失去了发展的土壤,习纵横之术者也再无生存的空间。随着皇权的增强,诸侯王国由此也经历了由强盛到中落、衰微的过程,它们已无甚可能为纵横策士提供施展才能的舞台和保障。抑制和打击养士之风,以及士人游学、游仕之风渐趋式微,使纵横策士失去了广泛的基层来源。“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”从思想基础上取消了诸子之学与儒家自由争鸣的地位,而被置之于儒家思想的统治之下,更进一步使纵横家学说成为国家法令的打击对象。因此,武帝时期纵横策士的衰落就成为历史的必然。纵横策士作为纵横家学说的传承人,他们的思想学说在秦汉之际思想文化史上占有重要地位。他们作为政治家投身社会变革活动,在当时政治、军事和外交斗争中发挥了重要作用。他们继承和发展纵横家学说,在纵横家文化的传承方面发挥了无可替代的作用。他们的说辞、上书和赋作,对中国后世散文和辞赋的繁荣发展影响至深。
[Abstract]:The full text is divided into four chapters. The first chapter focuses on the background of the existence of the horizontal and horizontal advisers at the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties. The second, third chapter focuses on the life of the horizontal and horizontal advisers at the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the writings and the basic ideas. The fourth chapter focuses on the reasons for the decline and fall of the strategist at the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties.
From the one hundred years of the peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty to the period of the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, we called it the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties. This period was widely disseminated, extensive and transverse art was widely spread, and the wind and horizontal lobbying wind still prevailed. This is the scholar of the political, military and diplomatic struggles at that time. This is the strategist at the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties. They are the changes of the Warring States' crossbar in the new situation on the occasion of the Qin and Han Dynasties.
The special political pattern, social style and ideological and cultural background on the occasion of the Qin and Han Dynasties provided suitable conditions for the rise of the horizontal and horizontal advisers. In the political field, the political pattern of the separation and battle between the feudal lords and the warlords on the occasion of the Qin and Han Dynasties is the social basis for the existence of the strategist, and also provides them with a broad stage of historical activity. In the period of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the wind of the people in the Qin and Han Dynasties flourished, the scholars traveled and the wind was rejuvenated. In the field of thought, the rejuvenation and integration of the sons and daughters of the sons and daughters of the Warring States were also rejuvenated. The writings of the Warring States and the crossbar were widely spread at the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties. The books of this period, such as Lu Jia < Xin Yu >, Jia Yi < The new book, the "Huainan Zi" of Liu An, Shi Shuru and Sima Qian, history records, are all catalogued and commented on the story of the family's life. The wide spread of the cross and horizontal family has led to the prosperity of the theory of the crossbar and the development of the strategist.
In the political stage of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the horizontal and horizontal players were a number of unusually active characters. Most of them had a profound understanding of the political situation at that time, and they were good at the stratagem tactics and had an important influence on the development of the situation. In addition, there are other things, such as what, the sheep victory, the Kung sun, the strict help, the Wu Tong, Xu Yue, Yan an, and the chat of the heaven. They have learned the length and transverse of the long and transverse way, or have written a family book, all acting as the mode of action in the Warring States and horizontal family, with the core value orientation of the spirit and the enterprising spirit.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, although there was no system and complete academic view, the strategist of the Qin and Han dynasties had his own ideas. The strategist was an active supporter of the thought of unity, and played an important role in the development of the thought of the great unification of China. In the philosophy of the Han Dynasty, in the philosophy of life, they worshiped the way of enterprising and the relationship between them. The thought of Taoism, Confucianism, and soldiers have been absorbed more and more. The ideas and spirits of the different interests of Taoism and Confucianism, which they show, constitute a colorful and striking page in the history of the political and cultural history of the Qin and Han Dynasties.
A series of changes in the political, social, ideological and other fields of the period of Emperor Wudi in the Western Han Dynasty lost the soil of development, and there was no room for survival. With the enhancement of the imperial power, the kingdoms also experienced the process from prosperity to fall and decline, and it was no longer possible for them to provide the stage for the talented and horizontal advisers. The wind of restraining and combating the foster men, as well as the study of the scholars, and the gradual decline of the wind of the official, lost the broad grass-roots source. "To depose a hundred and only Confucianism" abolished the position of the Confucian school and the freedom of Confucianism on the basis of thought, and was placed under the rule of the Confucian thought, and made further studies of the family. It became the object of attack of the state decree. Therefore, the decline of the strategist in Wudi period became a historical necessity.
As the inheritor of the theory of the cross and horizontal family, the horizontal and horizontal masters played an important role in the ideological and cultural history of the Qin and Han Dynasties. They played an important role in the political, military and diplomatic struggles in the political, military and diplomatic struggles of the Qin and Han Dynasties. They inherited and developed the doctrines of the crosshouse and the inheritance of the family culture. They have played an irreplaceable role. Their rhetoric, writing and Fu writing have deeply influenced the prosperity and development of Chinese later prose and Ci Fu.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K232

【引证文献】