西汉乡里教化研究

发布时间：2018-08-18 19:10

【摘要】：乡里教化——农业社会最有效的治民手段,能够从诸多方面加强对人们内心的控制,从而形成一种有别于政策与法律的约束机制,其最终目的是保证乡里的安定与国家的长治久安。“教化”一词始于何时已不好察考,定州汉简有“何谓以教化之”一语,是目前笔者所见较早者。西汉是中国古代注重乡里教化的一个有代表性的时期,同时也是为后世奠定基础的时期,其缜密严谨的教化思想,卓有成效的教化手段,丰富多彩的教化内容,成为后世学习的典范。秦亡汉兴,百家争鸣,很多思想家都提出了行教化的主张,但由于历史发展的惯性,要想改变前朝旧制亦绝非易事,汉初的思想家们需要重新为行教化寻找理论根据。恃刑重法的秦朝二世而亡,给人们留下的是无尽的思索,民本思想的抬头,对人性考虑的更加深入,加上对先贤、圣王的依托,西汉的乡里教化具备了坚实的理论基础。对乡里的教化绝非政府之专利,私学、舆论礼俗等都是乡里教化的关键环节。但因中国古代是行政权力支配的社会,故而政府是行教化的主角,施教人员的选拔、教化典型的塑造、官学的兴起、教化主导思想的规划都主要是由政府经办或认可的,甚至皇帝本人也要亲身行教,以促教化之顺利开展。无论是官方,抑或是民间,其行教化的内容都包括基本知识、技能的传授和道德品质的培养,二者对人们智力的培养和品格的塑造都是极为重要的。乡里教化一个最重要的特点就是具有极强的政治性,这是任何时代的乡里教化都具有的共性,西汉的乡里教化还表现出与儒学发展同步的特点,汉以孝治天下,孝观念同样渗透到乡里教化中,孝与重老思想在乡里教化中处于很重要的地位。
[Abstract]:The most effective means of governing the people in rural areas, the most effective means of governing the people, is to strengthen the control of people's hearts in many ways, thus forming a restraint mechanism different from policies and laws. Its ultimate goal is to ensure the stability of the countryside and the country's long-term stability. The term "enlightenment" begins when it is difficult to examine, and Dingzhou's Han Bamboo slips have the phrase "what is the meaning of enlightenment", which is the earlier I have seen at present. The Western Han Dynasty was a representative period in ancient China, which paid attention to the education in the countryside. It was also the period of laying the foundation for the later generations. Its meticulous and rigorous enlightenment thought, effective means of enlightenment, rich and colorful contents of education, To become a model of learning for later generations. Many thinkers put forward the idea of "practice education", but because of the inertia of historical development, it is not easy to change the old system of the former dynasty, and the thinkers of the early Han Dynasty need to find the theoretical basis for the practice education again. The death of Qin Dynasty II, which relied on the punishment and heavy law, left people with endless thinking, the rise of the people-oriented thought, the deeper consideration of human nature, and the reliance on the forefathers and the holy kings, and the rural education in the Western Han Dynasty had a solid theoretical foundation. The education of the village is not the patent of the government. Private study and public opinion are the key links of the village education. However, since ancient China was a society dominated by administrative power, the government was the protagonist in the practice of education. The selection of teaching personnel, the typical shaping of education, the rise of official studies, and the planning of the leading ideology of education were mainly handled or approved by the government. Even the emperor himself should teach in person in order to promote the smooth development of education. Whether official or folk, the content of its teaching includes basic knowledge, skill imparting and moral character cultivation, both of which are very important to the cultivation of people's intelligence and character. One of the most important features of rural education is that it has a strong political character, which is a common feature of any time. The rural education of the Western Han Dynasty also shows the characteristics of keeping pace with the development of Confucianism, and the Han Dynasty governs the world with filial piety. The concept of filial piety also permeates the education in the countryside, and the thought of filial piety and old age plays an important role in the education in the countryside.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K234.1

【相似文献】