论唐宋时期社会救助机制的变化及特点

发布时间：2018-08-18 19:02

【摘要】： 所谓社会救助，是指国家和社会对贫困者提供最低水平生活需求的物质援助，并增强他们适应社会生存能力的一种社会保障制度。我国自古以来就有存恤和救助鳏寡孤独废疾者的优良传统，老有所终，幼有所养，是人们所追求的理想社会。历代统治者都制定了相关的政策和措施，把社会救助视为稳定社会秩序，巩固统治的有效手段。但是在唐宋以前推行的这些政策和措施，，还远远达不到完善的程度，也不是一种制度化的行为，因此无论从救助的范围或是救助的程度来看，还都达不到经常化的程度。而唐宋时期由于社会经济的发展和繁荣，物质的相对丰富，加上统治阶级对这个问题的高度重视，遂使这一历史时期的社会救助活动已经达到了经常化、制度化的程度，取得了丰富的经验，而这些经验即使对今天来说，也具有较大的借鉴意义。本文共分六大部分，具体内容如下：第一部分概论，主要对本文的选题意义及已有的研究成果进行了论述和评介，同时对拟采用的研究方法和资料进行了简要的介绍。第二部分社会救助机制的变化，对唐宋时期长达六百多年的社会救助机制的变化情况进行了系统而详尽地论述，主要从救助机构的制度化和救助经费来源的扩大化两个方面进行探讨。指出了这一历史时期三个不同阶段社会救助机制的变化轨迹和救助经费来源从单一化到多元化的发展状况。第三部分社会救助对象的变化，从政府和民间两个层面探讨了唐宋时期对五种不同社会群体的救助和优恤情况，指出了这一时期社会救助范围不断扩大的发展趋势，并认为这一趋势的出现是社会文明进步的表现。第四部分社会救助主体的变化，着重研究了唐宋时期不同人群在社会救助中所起的作用及其变化情况，指出了从前期由政府与释道充当的社会救助主体，到后期出现的五种社会救助主体的变化趋势。第五部分社会救助基本结构分析，着重从政治变革、经济变革以及思想变革等方面的变化分析了唐宋时期社会救助的基本结构，认为随着社会的不断进步和发展，政治和经济变革的不断深入，人们在思想上对社会救助的认识也随之进一步深化，从而促进了社会救助机制的完善化和结构的合理化。第六部分唐宋时期社会救助的主要特点及历史评价，主要从救助主体和救助方式的变化上，分析总结了唐宋以来社会救助机制发展变化的特点以及对后世产生的深刻影响。本文的最大特点，主要表现在以下几个方面：第一，以往的研究主要集中在救荒方面，即使涉及到了一些社会救助的问题，也多是针对某种具体救助方式或内容上，且仅限于较短的历史时段，因而对整个唐宋时期社会救助的各种机制缺乏全面的了解。本文全面系统地研究了这一历史时期各种社会救助机制，并对这些机制的渊源和互相关系以及利弊情况进行详尽的分析，从而搞清了我国中古时期长达六百多年的社会救助机制的变化情况。第二，从纵的方面提出了唐宋时期社会救助的四个特点，即在救济主体上，政府起组织、领导作用；唐至北宋以中央救济为主，南宋以后，地方政府的作用越来越大；社会力量在具体救助中发挥着重要作用，包括社会个体和社会组织，如社邑、家族、宗族等，其中家族、宗族在民间救助中起了很大作用，特别是宋代；救济方式上，从行政性向市场性和社会化方向转化。第三，从横向关系上看，唐宋社会救济也呈现四个特点，即救济面由窄到广，从早期的灾民、病人到老人、儿童、妇女、孤寡、残疾，从弱势群体到特殊人群，从生老病死到婚丧嫁娶，基本覆盖了社会各个阶层中需要救助的人；救济设施逐渐增多，从早期的常平仓、义仓等数种，到两宋的惠民仓、广惠仓、丰储仓、社仓、广济仓、赈粜仓、州济仓等，从单一的病坊到居养院、慈幼局、安济坊、露泽园等十余种救助机构；救济行为逐渐趋于制度化；市场化手段增多。本文从宏观的角度深入探讨了唐宋时期社会救助机制的发展变化，着重探讨我国古代社会救助机制在这一历史时期的发展趋势，努力探索和总结一些规律性的东西，以促进对这一问题研究的深入进行。其中某些观点和研究结论，在学术界还是首次提出，有利于对这一问题的深入探讨。唐宋时期在社会救济方面所取得的成就，在许多方面都是超迈前代的，即便是其后的元、明、清三代，其所通行的各种主要救济方式，大都开创于宋朝或在宋朝定型。可以说，唐宋时期的社会救济事业，在中国古代社会中居于承前启后的重要地位，直接开创了中国古代社会后期的社会救济的基本格局。
[Abstract]:The so-called social assistance refers to a social security system in which the state and society provide material assistance to the poor at the lowest level of living needs and enhance their ability to adapt to social survival.
Since ancient times, China has a fine tradition of saving and helping widows, widows and widows with lonely and disabled people. Old age and young age are ideal societies for people to pursue. The rulers of all dynasties have formulated relevant policies and measures, regarding social assistance as an effective means to stabilize social order and consolidate the rule. But these policies were carried out before the Tang and Song Dynasties. And measures are far from perfect or institutionalized, so they can not reach the degree of regularization either in terms of the scope or the extent of relief. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the development and prosperity of the social economy, the relative abundance of materials, and the great importance attached by the ruling class to this issue, made them so The social relief activities in this historical period have reached the level of regularization and institutionalization, and have gained rich experience, which can be used for reference even today.
This article is divided into six parts. The details are as follows:
The first part is an introduction, which mainly discusses and comments on the significance of the topic selection and the existing research results, and briefly introduces the research methods and materials to be adopted.
The second part discusses the changes of social assistance mechanism in the Tang and Song Dynasties, which lasted for more than 600 years. It mainly discusses the institutionalization of relief organizations and the expansion of the sources of relief funds. The change trajectory and the source of salvage funds are from simplification to diversification.
In the third part, the changes of social assistance objects are discussed from the government and the people, and the assistance and preferential treatment to five different social groups in Tang and Song Dynasties are discussed.
The fourth part focuses on the changes of social relief subjects in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and points out the changing trends of social relief subjects from the government and Shidao in the early period to the five social relief subjects in the later period.
The fifth part is the analysis of the basic structure of social assistance, focusing on the changes of political, economic and ideological changes in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It is believed that with the continuous progress and development of society, the deepening of political and economic changes, people's ideological understanding of social assistance has also progressed. Step by step deepens the perfection of social assistance mechanism and rationalization of structure.
The sixth part is the main characteristics and historical evaluation of social assistance in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It mainly analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of the development and changes of social assistance mechanism since the Tang and Song Dynasties and its profound influence on the later generations from the changes of the main body and ways of relief.
The main features of this paper are as follows: Firstly, previous studies mainly focused on the relief of famine. Even if some problems of social relief were involved, most of them were aimed at a specific way or content of relief, and were limited to a relatively short historical period. Therefore, there was a lack of various mechanisms of social relief throughout the Tang and Song Dynasties. This paper makes a comprehensive and systematic study of various social relief mechanisms in this historical period, and makes a detailed analysis of their origins, mutual relations, advantages and disadvantages, so as to make clear the changes of social relief mechanisms in the Middle Ages of China, which lasted for more than 600 years.
Secondly, the paper puts forward four characteristics of social relief in Tang and Song Dynasties, that is, the government plays an organizational and leading role in the relief subject; the central relief is the main relief in Tang and Northern Song Dynasties; after Southern Song Dynasty, the role of local government has become more and more important; social forces play an important role in specific relief, including social individuals and social organizations, such as society. In the Song Dynasty, the relief methods changed from administrative to market and socialization.
Thirdly, from the perspective of horizontal relationship, the social relief in Tang and Song Dynasties also showed four characteristics: from narrow to wide relief, from the early victims, patients to the elderly, children, women, widows, disabled, from vulnerable groups to special groups, from old age, illness and death to marriage and funeral, basically covering the people in need of relief in all walks of life; relief facilities gradually increased. Many, from the early Changping warehouse, Yicang and other several, to the two Song Huimin warehouse, Guanghui warehouse, rich warehouse, social warehouse, Guangji warehouse, relief warehouse, state warehouse and so on, from a single ward to residential care homes, Tzu Chi Bureau, Anji Fang, Luze Garden and more than ten relief agencies; relief behavior gradually tends to institutionalization; market-oriented means increased.
This paper probes into the development and changes of social assistance mechanism in Tang and Song Dynasties from a macroscopic point of view, emphatically probes into the development trend of social assistance mechanism in ancient China in this historical period, and endeavors to explore and summarize some regularities in order to promote the in-depth study of this problem. It is the first time that it has been put forward, which is conducive to further discussion on this issue.
The achievements made in social relief in Tang and Song Dynasties exceeded those of the previous dynasties in many respects. Even in the following Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, most of the main relief methods were initiated in the Song Dynasty or finalized in the Song Dynasty. Status directly created the basic pattern of social relief in the later period of ancient China.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K242;K244

【引证文献】