宋元时期政府救荒应对与区域关系研究

发布时间：2018-08-19 18:31

【摘要】：区域不是单一、孤立的,而是一个综合、立体的地理概念。在区域发展过程中,定然会与其相邻或相关的区域发生人员、物资等方面的流动。在灾荒等非常态环境背景下,资源流动较之往常更为频繁,这种交往更凸显出剧烈和复杂性,从而引发产生交流的区域双方做出不同样式的应对,并进而对区域之间的关系产生影响。故而,对于历史时期灾荒及救荒的研究,不仅要着眼于区域内,亦要着眼于区域外；不仅要着眼于单个区域的灾荒过程和救荒应对的考察,也应在更大的地域框架下关注灾荒发展的过程中,不同区域之间的的人员物资流动及救荒应对上的变化,关注这种应对是如何产生的?是受何种力量左右的?做出应对的区域双方或多方,又存在着何种关系和发展趋势? 不过,灾荒研究是一个相当复杂、且宽泛的研究主题。灾荒本身即包括灾前、灾中、灾后三个阶段,因灾而产生的社会应对不仅有政府的,亦包括民间的。本文主要选取灾后政府的救荒行为研究焦点,在宋元时期中国东部政治经济核心地区这个地域框架下,集中探讨救荒行为中的政府应对与区域关系。即思考当某地发生灾荒后,灾区与其他相关地区之间是如何进行救荒应对的?这种应对背后又体现了一种什么样的区域关系。文章对此主要分以下四个方面进行阐述：第一、因自然或人为因素造成的粮食生产和分配上的区域不均匀,“均蓄积”就成为了灾后政府救荒应对上所采取的主要措施之一。但这种“劫富济贫”的做法无疑损害了粮食富裕区的利益,于是粮食富裕区政府就频频采取遏籴(粜)进行应对。而遏籴(粜)又不利于灾区救荒工作的展开,禁遏籴(粜)又应运而生。遏籴(粜)与禁遏籴(粜),反应了灾后区域间并非完全“一方有难,八方支援”那样的融洽局面,亦存在着激烈的利益博弈。第二、在区域之间的救荒互动中,受距离和交通条件的限制,最为普遍存在的是灾区与邻区之间的互动。文章以北宋河北路流民的南下河南和南宋江浙流民北流淮南两个事例对此进行了说明。由此发现,在现实中,虽然经常出现灾区政府从相邻地区调拨粮食救济灾区；灾区人口亦常常向相邻地区流动,并由邻区政府妥善予以救助。但这类应对的效果,却受到两区域之间互补性影响而大相径庭。第三、由于宋元时期漕运和海运的发达,政治中心和经济中心的脱离。救荒工作亦深刻打上了南北互动的烙印。文章从北宋熙宁、元祜年间的两浙水旱灾荒和元末大都饥荒中发现,这样的烙印在江南经济中心和北方政治中心的表现却各有不同,当江南地区遭受灾荒时,大多数情况下可以通过自救加以解决,但救助效果却受到北方中央政府的制约；而北方政治中心受灾后,则较多的需要江南的救助,这种救助一旦中断,对政治中心的社会民生会带来毁灭性的打击。第四、宋元时期,灾后普遍存在乡村人口向城市的流移,这种迁移主要基于城市往往拥有比乡村更为完善的灾荒救济系统。为此,政府采取了设置义仓、社仓、加大对乡村的粮食救济力度等措施解决这一问题,但限于古代城乡关系的实质,城乡之间政治经济上的不均衡性,使得这种解决难以从本质上取得成效。通过上述各章节的展现,本文主要得出如下认识。在对历史时期的灾荒,从区域内和区域外进行综合考察时,可以发现,当某一个区域做出了救荒应对的话,必然会影响到另一个相关区域,这就很可能导致相关区域对这一应对再做出相应的应对。而这样的应对过程既受到相关区域之间相互关系的影响,又会影响到相关区域之间政治及经济关系的变动。
[Abstract]:A region is not a single, isolated, but a comprehensive, three-dimensional geographical concept. In the process of regional development, there will certainly be flows of people, materials and other aspects with its adjacent or related regions. Therefore, the study of famine relief in the historical period should not only focus on the region, but also on the outside of the region. It should not only focus on the process of famine relief in a single region, but also on the larger scale. Under the regional framework, we should pay attention to the changes in the flow of people and materials between different regions and the response to famine relief.
However, the study of famine is a rather complicated and broad research topic. Famine itself includes three stages: pre-disaster, during-disaster and post-disaster. The social response to the disaster includes not only the government but also the people. This regional framework focuses on the relationship between government response and regional response to famine relief. That is to say, how to deal with famine relief between disaster areas and other relevant areas after a famine occurs in a certain place? What kind of regional relationship is embodied behind this response. This paper mainly discusses the following four aspects:
First, the uneven distribution of grain production and distribution caused by natural or man-made factors has become one of the main measures taken by the government to relieve famine after the disaster. It is not conducive to the relief of famine in the disaster area, and the prohibition came into being as the times require. The restraint and restraint reflect the situation that the disaster area is not completely "one party has difficulties, eight parties support" and there is a fierce game of interests.
Secondly, in the interaction between regions, the most common interaction between the disaster area and its neighbors is limited by distance and traffic conditions. This paper illustrates this by two examples: the refugees from Hebei Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, from Henan Province to Henan Province, and the refugees from Jiangsu, Zhejiang Province to Huainan Province in the Southern Song Dynasty. Food relief is allocated from adjacent areas, and people often move to adjacent areas and are properly assisted by neighboring governments. However, the effects of such responses are greatly different because of the complementarity between the two regions.
Thirdly, because of the development of the transportation of water and sea in Song and Yuan Dynasties, the political and economic centers were separated. The work of relieving famine was also marked by the interaction between the north and the south. However, the effect of relief is restricted by the central government of the north. After the disaster, the northern political center needs more relief from the south of the Yangtze River. Once the relief is interrupted, it will bring a devastating blow to the people's livelihood of the political center.
Fourthly, during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there was a widespread migration of rural population to cities, which was mainly based on the fact that cities often had better relief systems than villages. The political and economic imbalance between urban and rural areas makes this solution difficult to achieve results in essence.
Through the presentation of the above chapters, this paper mainly draws the following understanding. In the historical period of famine, from within and outside the region, we can find that when one region made a response to the famine, it will inevitably affect another region, which is likely to lead to the relevant region to make corresponding response again. This kind of coping process is influenced not only by the interrelationship between the relevant regions, but also by the changes of the political and economic relations among the relevant regions.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D632.5;K244;K247

【相似文献】