子夏及其学派研究

发布时间：2018-08-20 13:13

【摘要】： 子夏，姓卜名商，卫国温人，是孔子晚年的得意弟子之一。子夏是继孔子之后，系统传授儒家经典的第一人，对儒家文献的流传和学术思想的发展作出了重大的贡献，被后世誉为传经之鼻祖。子夏还在儒家思想的发展和创新方面取得很大成就，他晚年时，到魏国西河一带教学，开创的“西河学派”培育出大批经国治世的良材，并成为前期法家成长的摇篮。子夏在传播儒家经典、发扬儒家学说、继承和发展孔子思想，以及培育具有法家特色的弟子等方面都贡献卓著。但是迄今为止，有关子夏的各方面研究还远远不够，本文旨在对子夏的学术贡献和思想贡献做一系统整理，对子夏在中国学术史和思想史上的重大成就进行总结，以便于世人更加全面、清晰地认识子夏的历史贡献。本文主要分作六章，第一章介绍迄今为止有关子夏的研究成果和主要观点，分作子夏的国别与家世、子夏与经学的关系以及子夏的学术及学派三个方面分别介绍。从目前的研究现状来看，虽然总体说来取得了不少成果，但是依然有很多问题悬而未决；第二章是以陈玉澍的《卜子年谱》为基础，对子夏生平行迹进行梳理，将子夏一生大体分为幼年生活、入孔门学习、孔子去世后在鲁以及晚年教授西河四个阶段，将子夏一生的主要经历和主要事迹串连起来，并对子夏的出生地进行考证，指出子夏出生在卫国温地的说法较为可信；第三章以大量的史料为依据，对子夏的性格特征进行分析，并从为政和为人两个方面对他独特的人生态度作了探讨。对子夏由早年的积极入仕，转而厌倦从政，再到晚年做了魏文侯的老师并且培养出大批杰出政治家的重大转变进行分析，指出社会制度的重大变化和随之引起的思想变化是造成这种转变的根本原因。该部分还将子夏与其他几位主要同门弟子的思想及学派作了简要比较，指出性格上差别是他能够在经学上取得优于他人的重大成就的关键因素之一；第四章对子夏的治学风格进行总结，并系统梳理了他与“六经”的具体关系，指出子夏是系统而又全面地传播儒家经典的第一人。东汉徐防指出：“《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》，定自孔子：发明章句，始于子夏”，子夏不仅仅限于讲授儒家经典，而且还为各经作《传》作《序》，进一步解释经文的意义，阐释儒家的义理和观念。具体到子夏与各部经典的关系，历来都存在很多分歧，本文在总结前人观点的基础上，尽量客观、公正地阐述该经的传承关系，并未将经学的传播全部归功于子夏及其弟子。即使能够确证子夏讲授过这部经典，但是如果同时有大量资料证明他人也有可能讲授该部经典的话，本文则谨慎地坚持了尊重史料、不必专功的原则，对其他儒家派别传授经学的可能性予以尊重和保留；第五章主要是对子夏学派进行分析，将子夏学派按照地域分布、学术特点等分作鲁国和西河两支，从翔实的史料出发，合理解释了荀子痛骂“子夏氏之贱儒”、而韩非子在“儒分为八”中却不提子夏一派的原因，并对子夏弟子中有名可考的几位做了简要的考述；第六章是从总体上对子夏在学术史上的贡献进行总结。子夏除了在儒家经典的传播方面作出重大贡献以外，还对孔子的思想进行了许多发展和创新。本文对这些思想和主张进行比较分析，发现经过子夏改造后的儒家思想更加符合现实需要，也更容易为人接受，子夏提出的许多主张都对后世产生了深远的影响。子夏在西河的弟子中还涌现了一大批改革和实践的风云人物，如李克、吴起等人，具有典型的法家思想，因此子夏也是由儒家产生出法家的过渡性人物。本文主要采用人物比较和史料分析的方法，并在对子夏面临一些重大事件的心理变化进行分析时，部分引入了心态史学的研究思路。在对前人成果进行批判和吸收的基础上，本文以大量翔实的史料为依据，，对子夏的生平行迹、性格特点、学术贡献乃至学派特色等方面进行了详细而又系统的整理，提出了一些比较具有创新意义的观点。本文的创新点主要包括以下几个方面：一、对子夏的性格进行深入分析，指出性格上的突出特点是他能够在经学上取得重大成就的关键因素之一。子夏在众弟子当中，属于“好论精微”者，对书本知识有着狂热的爱好，在经书的理解和记诵方面都明显优于他人。子夏天资聪颖，而且勤学好问、善于思考，这些特点决定了子夏是孔门当中唯一兼通各经的人，因而能够在经学传授上取得他人所无法比拟的重大成就。二、对子夏与儒家经典的关系进行系统梳理，尤其对史料记载较少、前人研究也很少的《乐》的传授作了深入探讨，指出子夏所传之乐主要是儒家的音乐理论和音乐思想。本文指出子夏在教授乐的时候，非常注重儒家思想的灌输。子夏的音乐思想基本是来源于孔子的，他极为注重音乐的使用场合和使用者的身份等级，同时也意识到音乐移风易俗的社会作用。在礼崩乐坏的社会环境下，子夏对音乐的传授不仅起到挽救传统文化和礼法制度的作用，而且对后世也产生了深远的影响。《荀子·乐论》中的许多音乐思想都是受到子夏的影响和启发。三、从子夏对儒家思想发展和创新的角度，肯定子夏的历史贡献。子夏对孔子的思想作了许多发展和创新，这是儒家思想不断扩大影响、广为传播，并成为两千多年来中华民族主导思想的一个重要原因。经过子夏发展和提炼后总结出来的关于治学、做人、为政等方面的箴言，都对后世产生了极大的影响。比如子夏提出“博学而笃志，切问而近思”的治学方法、“大德不逾闲，小德出入可也”的做人原则、“仕而优则学，学而优则仕”的学政结合思想，不仅影响了几千年的中国文化，而且直到今天仍然具有重大的指导意义。四、将子夏学派分作两支是本文提出的新观点。子夏在鲁和在西河的弟子从学术风格、思想倾向等方面都有着很大的区别，属于完全不同的两种类型。在鲁的弟子如公羊高、谷梁赤、曾申等，多专注于经学研读、名物训诂等书本知识，带有典型的儒生特色；而西河弟子如李克、吴起等人则更加注重政治实践，成为魏国改革、发展的中坚力量，具有前期法家的色彩。这样便可以解释为什么荀子痛骂“子夏氏之贱儒”，而韩非子“儒分为八”却没有提子夏的名字。虽然同为子夏弟子，但是学术思想、价值取向、人生追求等方面却大相径庭。此外，本文还对一些存有争议的问题作了相关探讨，比如关于子夏的里籍问题，自古以来争讼不休，本文从时代早晚、可信程度以及地理沿革等方面指出子夏“卫人说”较为可靠；对于子夏与《诗序》的关系，虽然没有新的证据来证明子夏与《诗序》的直接关系，但是上博竹简中的《孔子诗论》同样可以从侧面说明子夏与《诗》关系密切，他完全有实力、有资格为《诗》作《序》；再如子夏与《丧服传》的关系，虽然今天世人基本公认《丧服传》为子夏所作，但是单从对丧礼的熟悉程度来看，子游也有可能是为《丧服》作传的人。只是子夏作传比子游作多一条证据，即《丧服传》与《公羊传》在句式上有相似之处，而《公羊传》已被公认为传自子夏之门。如果能够有新的资料证明《丧服传》与子游有密切的关系，或者有其他例子证明句式上的相似不代表出自同一师门的话，那么子游作《丧服传》也并非完全没有可能。文中类似的论断多处可见，不一而足。本文从子夏的生平行迹、性格特征、学术成就、思想贡献以及学派特点等方面，对子夏的一生和重大成就做了系统的整理，基本上比较全面的概括了子夏的历史贡献。对于一些长久以来存有争议的问题，则在坚持尊重史料原则的基础上，适当采用了当前学术界较为一致的意见。本文提出的许多论点，具有较强的突破性和创新意义，希望可以对今后的儒学研究或进一步的子夏研究有所帮助。由于本文所选课题研究难度相当大，尤其在关于子夏与经学的关系问题上，前人已有很多争论，涉及范围相当广，内容也极其复杂，鉴于学力和史料记载的局限性，对于有些问题，本文并没能给出确切、清晰的论断，许多问题仍然有待于今后继续研究。
[Abstract]:Zi Xia was one of the proud disciples of Confucius in his later years. Zi Xia was the first person to teach Confucian classics systematically after Confucius. He made great contributions to the spread of Confucian literature and the development of academic thought, and was praised as the ancestor of Confucian classics by later generations. Zi Xia also made great achievements in the development and innovation of Confucianism. In his later years, he went to the West River area of the Wei Dynasty to teach, and the "West River School" created a large number of outstanding talents for governing the country and the world, and became the cradle of the early Legalists'growth. So far, the research on Zi Xia is far from enough. This paper aims to make a systematic arrangement of Zi Xia's academic and ideological contributions and summarize Zi Xia's great achievements in Chinese academic and ideological history, so as to help the world understand Zi Xia's historical contributions more comprehensively and clearly.
This paper is divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the research achievements and main viewpoints of Zixia, including the country and family background of Zixia, the relationship between Zixia and Confucian classics, and the academic and School of Zixia. The question is in suspense.
The second chapter is based on Chen Yushu's Annals of Pu Zi, combing the parallel traces of Zi Xia Sheng, dividing Zi Xia's life into four stages: childhood life, study in Confucius, teaching Xihe in Lu and later years after Confucius'death, linking the main experiences and main events of Zi Xia's life, and making textual research on the birthplace of Zi Xia. The argument that Zi Xia was born in the Wei country was more credible.
In the third chapter, based on a large number of historical data, the author analyzes Zi Xia's personality characteristics and explores his unique attitude toward life from two aspects: being a politician and being a man. This part also makes a brief comparison between Zi Xia and other major disciples'thoughts and schools, and points out that the difference of personality is one of the key factors for him to make great achievements in Confucian classics.
The fourth chapter summarizes Zi Xia's academic style and systematically combs out his specific relationship with the Six Classics, pointing out that Zi Xia was the first person to disseminate Confucian classics systematically and comprehensively. It also explains the meaning of the Scriptures and the Confucian principles and concepts. As for the relationship between Zi Xia and the various classics, there have always been many differences. Based on the summary of the predecessors'opinions, this paper tries to expound the inheritance of the Scriptures as objectively and fairly as possible, without attributing all the dissemination of the classics to Zi. Xia and his disciples. Even if Zi Xia can confirm that he taught this classic, but if at the same time there is a large amount of data to prove that other people may also teach this classic, this article carefully adheres to the principle of respecting historical data, do not have to specialize in the subject, respect and preserve the possibility of other Confucian schools to teach Confucian classics;
The fifth chapter mainly analyzes Zixia School, divides Zixia School into Luguo and Xihe according to the regional distribution and academic characteristics, and reasonably explains Xunzi's abuse of Zixia's Cheap Confucianism, while Han Fei-zi does not mention Zixia's School in the "Eight Confucianism" and is famous among Zixia's disciples. A few brief examinations were made.
Chapter Six summarizes Zi Xia's contribution to the academic history on the whole. In addition to his great contribution to the dissemination of Confucian classics, Zi Xia has also made many developments and innovations in Confucianism. This paper makes a comparative analysis of these ideas and propositions and finds that the Confucianism after Zi Xia's transformation is more realistic. Many of Zi Xia's propositions had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Among the disciples of Xihe, Zi Xia also emerged a large number of reformers and practitioners, such as Li Ke and Wu Qi, who had typical Legalist thoughts. Therefore, Zi Xia was also a transitional figure from Confucianism to Legalism.
This paper mainly uses the methods of character comparison and historical data analysis, and in the analysis of the psychological changes of some major events faced by Zi Xia, part of the introduction of the research ideas of psychological history. Academic contribution and school characteristics are systematically collated and some innovative viewpoints are put forward. The innovation of this paper mainly includes the following aspects:
Firstly, a thorough analysis of Zi Xia's character indicates that his outstanding character is one of the key factors for his great achievement in Confucian classics.Among all his disciples, Zi Xia belongs to the "fine theory" and has a fanatical interest in book knowledge, and is obviously superior to others in understanding and memorizing the classics. Moreover, Zi Xia was diligent in learning and good at thinking. These characteristics determined that Zi Xia was the only Confucian who knew all the Confucian classics at the same time. Therefore, he was able to make great achievements in the teaching of Confucian classics.
Secondly, the relationship between Zi Xia and Confucian classics is systematically sorted out, especially the teaching of with few historical records and few previous studies. It is pointed out that the music passed down by Zi Xia is mainly Confucian music theory and music thought. Music thought originated from Confucius. He attached great importance to the use of music and the status of the users. He also realized the social role of music in changing customs. Many music ideas in < Xunzi Yue Lun > are influenced and inspired by Zi Xia.
Third, from the perspective of Zixia's development and innovation of Confucianism, Zixia's historical contribution is affirmed. Zixia has made many developments and innovations in Confucianism, which is an important reason why Confucianism has expanded its influence and spread widely and has become the dominant ideology of the Chinese nation for more than 2000 years. For example, Zi Xia put forward the method of studying extensively and steadfastly, inquiring and thinking profoundly, and the principle of "great virtue does not exceed leisure, but small virtue does not exceed leisure" and the thought of combining learning with politics, which not only influenced the middle ages of thousands of years. National culture, and until today, it still has great guiding significance.
Fourthly, it is a new viewpoint put forward in this paper to divide the Zixia School into two branches. Zixia's disciples in Lu and Xihe have great differences in academic style and ideological tendency, belonging to two completely different types. Xihe disciples such as Li Ke and Wu Qi paid more attention to political practice and became the backbone of the reform and development of the Wei Dynasty, with the color of early Legalism. This can explain why Xunzi lamented "Zixia's base Confucianism" while Han Feizi did not mention Zixia's name for "Confucianism divided into eight". Disciples, however, differ greatly in academic thinking, value orientation and pursuit of life.
In addition, this paper also discusses some controversial issues, such as the issue of Zi Xia's nationality, which has been controversial since ancient times. This paper points out that Zi Xia's "Wei Ren" is more reliable from the aspects of time, credibility and geographical evolution, although there is no new evidence to prove the relationship between Zi Xia and "Preface to Poetry". It has a direct relationship with Preface to Poetry, but Confucius'Poetics in bamboo slips of Shanghai Bo also shows that Zi Xia has a close relationship with Poetry, and he is fully qualified to be Preface to Poetry, and Zi Xia is qualified to be Preface to Poetry. Although the relationship between Zi Xia and Preface to Mourning Clothes is generally accepted by the world today, Zi Xia is only familiar with funeral rites. Zi You may also be a biographer of Zi You's funeral clothes. But Zi Xia's biography has one more proof than Zi You's, that is, there are similarities in sentence patterns between the two biographies, and the biography of the ram has been recognized as the gate of Zi Xia's biography. If there are new data to prove that Zi You is closely related to the biography of the funeral clothes, or there are other examples to prove it. Similarity in sentence pattern does not mean that it is not entirely impossible for Ziyou to write a biography of mourning clothes.
From the aspects of Zi Xia's biography, personality, academic achievements, ideological contributions and school characteristics, this paper makes a systematic arrangement of Zi Xia's life and great achievements, and basically summarizes Zi Xia's historical contributions comprehensively. Many of the arguments put forward in this paper have strong breakthroughs and innovative significance, hoping to be helpful to the future Confucian studies or the further study of Zixia.
Because of the difficulty of the research, especially on the relationship between Zi Xia and Confucian classics, there have been many disputes in the past, involving a wide range and extremely complex content. In view of the limitations of academic ability and historical records, this paper can not give a definite and clear conclusion on some problems, and many problems remain to be solved today. Continue to study later.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K225

【引证文献】